《新世紀戰略》- 海上基地(Seabase) 與海上機動作戰(OMFTS)

克里斯Chris

Seabase and Operational Maneuver from the Sea (OMFTS)

海上基地 與 新世紀美國海軍陸戰隊的戰略思想(海上機動作戰)




原文:

MPF2010 性能選擇示意圖




Operational Maneuver from the Sea (OMFTS) is the Marine Corps' new warfare doctrine expected to be in place by 2010. The idea is that all logistics support will come from the sea, rather than from a large, land-based supply point (as in traditional combat service support). This means that the several support ships comprising the sea base will have to operate as "floating warehouses," a task for which they are not configured.

The Marine Corps’ concept paper “MPF 2010 and beyond”, signed by the Commandant on 31 December 1997 describes four pillars for future MPF operations and a triad of capabilities. The four pillars describe new capabilities for the MPF ships, to allow full participation in OMFTS and to allow Marine Forces to deploy and be indefinitely supported from an MPF sea base. The capabilities triad describes three capabilities, of which the first and third are increases from today’s capability. Our analysis discovered that all three capabilities could be accomplished with a single type of moderate-speed monohull ship. Fast deployment did not require a fast ship. Sustained sea basing with the full range of logistics support can be done from large conventional ships without the need for a mobile offshore base.

The MPF MAGTF Aviation Combat Element (ACE) is composed of a fixed wing and a rotary wing component. The Marine Corps aviation plan would substitute 5 squadrons (60 aircraft) of VSTOL Joint Strike Fighters (JSF) for the two F/A-18A/B (12 plane), one F/A-18D (12 plane), and one AV-8B (20 plane) squadrons. The KC-130 and EA-6B aircraft remain as in today’s ACE. Similarly three squadrons (36 total aircraft) of MV-22 aircraft are substituted for the two CH-46 (12 plane) and one CH-53D (8 plane) helicopter squadrons. The CH-53E heavy lift helicopter squadron and the attack and utility helicopters remain. The AH-1W and UH-1N helicopters are upgraded to 4 bladed rotors, increasing range and payload.

克里斯Chris

續:



AME 海上基地艦艇"C"設計概念選擇示意圖


Two ship design agents, NAVSEA/AME and BLA were tasked to develop cost effective solutions for the intermediate capability options. Cost was to be the principal design driver for their ship and squadron designs. Their scope was to include current and evolving technology to develop solutions that could be achieved within the current state-of-the-art of shipbuilding technology. They succeeded. Their solutions for the intermediate capability options demonstrate that current technology monohull ships can be designed to meet the requirements for the MPF 2010 sea-basing capability. The final MPF 2010 ship design will probably incorporate features from both design agents, and will be a blend of the best technologies of both designers.

On the sea base ship for options “C”, “C(+)”, and “D” helicopters are based aboard the sea base, and proportionally loaded on each of the 6 ships required in the squadron. The ship is similar in size to the minimum air capable ship shown earlier, but a small hangar deck fills the bottom after portion of the superstructure. Each ship can carry 10 folded helicopters plus 2 additional operational spots for helicopters. The hangar deck can hold 5 helicopters. Aircraft stowed in the hangar impact the ramp for delivery of cargo to the flight deck. A single large ship optimized for point-to-point delivery of the fixed wing portion of the ACE is required to complete the MPF squadron.

克里斯Chris

AME 航空能力概念設計選擇"D"示意圖

克里斯Chris

原文:

BLA概念上，具空中艦載能力船艦設計圖



The two BLA sea base ships share a common hull, and internal design to the main deck. The minimum air capable ship, on the left, has a flight deck forward, and a large superstructure house aft. The fully air capable ship, on the right, has a smaller superstructure house on the aft-starboard side of the flight deck, and more open deck space, including a full 1,000 feet for JSF takeoff runway. Both ships have a port side quarter-stern ramp for pierside RO/RO discharge, and a external integrated landing platform (ILP) for assault craft interface on the starboard quarter. The flight deck has a 40 foot overhang on the port side. The internal-external gantry crane system rails run under this overhang.

The cranes travel from the internal, under flight deck area through large cargo hatches to the external rails. The ILP and gantry crane system limit the ship to berths “port side to” the pier. The flight decks are not optimized for naval aircraft operations. Helicopters and VSTOL aircraft routinely land from the aft of the ship. The arrangement of the superstructure requires aircraft to land forward of the deck house. The JSF takeoff runway requires planes to taxi down the runway and turn in the narrowest part of the deck. The cargo/aircraft elevator also interrupts the takeoff run area. All of these design issues could be corrected in subsequent stages of design with little additional cost.

克里斯Chris

續:

BLA 概念上的船艦設計圖:



The three BLA designs are identical to the “B” deck, just below the main deck. The ACE support ship has the main deck removed aft to allow more containers to be stowed (up to 4 high) on the “B” deck below. The two sea base ships are identical to the flight deck, with only the superstructure house different. The use of only 3 total ship designs leaves some of the capability options sub-optimized. The option “B” ACE support ship must carry the supplies for the full ACE. In option “C”, the rotary wing portion of the ACE is based aboard one of the fully air capable ships, and the ACE support ship is significantly underutilized.

Options “C” and “D” carry significantly more cargo fuel than required. BLA felt the acquisition savings from identical hull forms was more important than exactly matching the required lift to the squadron. Small changes in the fuel capacity can fix some of these problems. A redesign to optimize the BLA “C” option into 4 ships with identical hull forms -- one sea base design with 3 ships and a single ACE support ship should be pursued.

克里斯Chris

戰略介紹:


在新世紀的海洋戰場上，美國海軍公佈了《美國海軍轉型路線圖》和《21世紀海上力量》。


美國海軍必須具備14項作戰能力，並由其構成未來海軍海上打擊、海上盾牌和海上基地3種核心作戰能力。


一是更加注重海軍的戰爭功能，而不僅僅只是參與；

二是進攻性更強，注重先發制人打擊對方，並擴大它的打擊功能；

三是注重更廣闊的空間，包括海洋與太空，而不僅考慮遠洋、近岸與沿海；

四是海軍在聯合作戰中起著支柱性的作用




海上打擊模組融精確性、隱蔽性、聯合打擊為一體，可採取多重打擊手段攻擊敵人的要害目標。


海上盾牌模組為美國提供一個多層次的防禦系統，以保護美國本土。


海上基地模組能夠為指揮官們提供全球的指揮和控制以及把綜合的後勤支援擴展到其他軍兵種。

克里斯Chris

美國調整全球軍事部署：


建設海上移動基地




海外運輸力量也是美軍應付海外危機的關鍵。


但美國目前的海外運輸能力只有海灣戰爭時的75％，兵力投送能力明顯不足，對危機的反應速度也受到很大的影響。


近幾年，美軍提出了建設海上“浮島”計劃，其中的一種方案就是建立聯合移動海上基地（JMOB）。


JMOB可以在絕大多數攻擊範圍外實施戰區內海軍基地—戰艦—目的地的補給。


JMOB能夠減少現存的部隊對基地的依賴，儘管它不能完全取代岸上支援設施，但它可以將岸上的軍事後勤設施減少到最低限度。

它還可以有選擇地向岸上部隊提供支援，從而避免了向前沿部隊過多提供多餘物資的情況。JMOB還能為遠征部隊提供全方位的聯合作戰平臺。在沒有作戰任務的情況下，JMOB的不同模組可以分開使用。

在不穩定的和不斷變化的安全環境中，它的單獨部分也能夠為美軍提供低風險但又很強的機動能力。


如果這項計劃付諸實施，到2010年至2015年，美國將擁有有史以來最大的漂浮著的海上建築物，美軍後勤補給線將大大縮短，使美國軍隊在世界的任何地方都能實施有效的海上作戰。



[ 本文最後由 jacklf2004 於 07-11-19 08:09 PM 編輯 ]

克里斯Chris

另一方面，日本也有意建造「海上基地」，以便對付潛在威脅－中國。



在日本在東海採取「大膽行動」 中，日本將建造的高速運輸艦，將比海上自衛隊現有的最大補給艦（1.35萬噸）還要大。

甲板上不僅可供直升機起降，還可供偵察機等飛機起降，但是同攻擊型航空母艦無論在運用上還是在裝備上都有所不同。

建造高速運輸艦的最大理由是，一旦日本及周邊發生戰事時，要提高自衛隊部隊及裝備緊急調遣到戰事當地的能力。

(截錄報導)





「海上基地」構想首先是由美國海軍陸戰隊首先提出來的，有三項主要內容：

一、加強保衛本土。

二、進一步發揮盟國的作用。

三、推進美軍的調整。

原則是在10天以內，在據發生軍事作戰的陸地25－100海里（40－160公里）的海面設立作戰基地。

克里斯Chris

Operational Maneuver From The Sea (海上機動作戰)

新世紀美國海軍陸戰隊的戰略思想


http://www.dtic.mil/jv2010/usmc/omfts.pdf (海上機動作戰文件) (語系:英)



cchs：

這戰術與以往最大的不同，就是把海洋當作作戰的運動空間與後勤的根據地。

推薦這份文件的第九頁的地圖，作者謙虛地以西班牙攻擊美國作為戰術範例，可是這張圖怎麼看都像在打某個Reigional Power 與 Future Superpower（這份文件中開頭強調的的假想敵）。


(節錄自:軍事茶館)

克里斯Chris

在 海上機動作戰(OMFTS) 中，首先加入並提升了遠征戰鬥載具（Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle, EFV）的火力與性能，

並支援二十一世紀的海上機動作戰(OMFTS) 。






先進的兩棲攻擊戰車（AAAV）


　　美國海軍陸戰隊打算花76億美元採購1013輛先進的兩棲攻擊戰車（AAAV）代替原來的1322輛兩棲攻擊戰車（AAV）。

AAAV的水中速度為23-29英里／小時，可以從離岸25英里多的兩棲艦船出發，以比目前的戰車快得多的速度上岸。這種機動能力的提高減少了海軍艦船遭到導彈、飛機、快艇和水雷攻擊的風險。下表給出了AAAV要求和現行戰車能力的比較。

　　AAAV將允許海軍和海軍陸戰隊無縫地把艦船機動和岸上機動連接起來，實施從海上開始的作戰機動（OMFTS）。在作戰期間AAAV將是主要的裝甲保護陸上和水上機動兵力，並能對海軍陸戰隊步兵提供直接火力支援。

因此AAAV必須在水中推進、陸上機動性、殺傷能力、生存能力等方面採用先進技術。

成本和操作有效且可支援的輕重量部件和結構以及功率顯著增強的發動機是AAAV要解決的主要問題。

預計AAAV將於2003-2005財年試生產，2006-2008財年具備初步作戰能力，2012-2014財年具有完善的作戰能力並服役。