『 陸軍武器 』－ M88A2「大力士」裝甲坦克搶修車

克里斯Chris

M88A1中型裝甲搶修車

M88A1/M88AE1改進型裝甲搶修車

M88A2"大力士"坦克搶修車

M88A1 Medium Recovery Vehicle
M88A1E1 Improved Recovery Vehicle
M88A2 Heavy Recovery Vehicle [HERCULES]



The M88A1 Medium Recovery Vehicle (MRV) is a full tracked armored vehicle used to perform battlefield rescue and recovery missions. The M88A1 MRV performs hoisting, winching, and towing operations supporting recovery operations and evacuation of heavy tanks and other tracked combat vehicles. It has a fuel/defuel capability and is fully equipped to provide maintenance and recovery support for the main battle tank family and similar vehicles. These functions can be performed in all types of terrain during all weather conditions.


The existing M88A1 does not provide safe operation, braking, steering control or adequate power for recovery of the main battle tank. The M88A1, built for the preceding generation of M60 series tanks, are significantly outweighed by the 70-ton M1 tanks, a factor which severely limits the capabilities of the M88A1 in many types of terrain and situations. Due to weight differentials, two M88A1s are required to safely tow an Abrams series tank. The development of a new recovery vehicle began in August 1982 with the Ordnance Center and School (OC&S) identifying the need to develop an alternative which could support the Abrams fleet in terms of the mission requirements of recovery, towing and winching. A decision to build a new versus an improved vehicle was reversed several times, affordability being the constant issue. In August 1986, HQDA approved the strategy to develop a program around a product improvement to the M88A1.

克里斯Chris

M88電腦繪圖


M88A1E1 Improved Recovery Vehicle

The M88A1E1 Improved Recovery Vehicle was intended to replace the M88, which is unable to tow the newer, heavier M1A1 tanks. System improvements consisted of an upgraded power pack (engine and transmission), higher winch and hoist capacities, increased tow/breaking performance, and increased armor protection. The Hercules includes additional weight (approximately 70 tons), an upgraded suspension, power-assisted brakes, and an improved hydraulic system. The Hercules will possess an auxiliary power unit to operate no-load recovery components and impact tools without running the engine. Additionally, the Hercules will be transportable worldwide by highway, rail, marine, and air in accordance with the Military Traffic Management Command Transportation Engineering Agency (MTMCTEA) transportability engineering analysis. The M88E1 was cancelled to provide funding for the new M109A6 howitzer, though development of the M88A1E1 restarted in 1991. The M88A1E1 IRV was type classified as the M88A2.

M88A2 HERCULES
The M88A2 HERCULES Hercules [Heavy Equipment Recovery Combat Utility Lift and Evacuation System], formerly the M88A1E1 Improved Recovery Vehicle, addresses a long-standing US Army need to upgrade its recovery vehicles to safely tow and recover battle-damaged, mired or inoperative Abrams tanks. The HERCULES, using M88A1 hulls, modified to specification by Anniston Army Depot, upgrades the basic M88 chassis to meet the increased demands of towing, winching, and lifting the M1, M1A1, and M1A2 tank.

Among the most significant upgrades is its on-board recovery systems. The winch and hoist capacities are greatly increased to enable the vehicle to lift 40% heavier loads and winch 55% higher capacities. HERCULES features a longer 35-ton hoist capability boom, a 140,000 pound (63,504 kg) constant pull main winch with 280 feet (85.3 m) of cable and an auxiliary 3-ton winch to aid main winch cable deployment. The Hercules also incorporates improved hydraulics, enhanced propulsion system, and heavier suspension, along with overlay armor protection and ballistic skirts. The vehicle's enhanced survivability with added armor which brings its weight to more of a match for the Abrams tanks it predominantly supports. The HERCULES upgraded power train which enables it to tow a 25% larger load, with better braking capacity and higher speeds to better enable it to accompany maneuver forces. The crew has been reduced from four to three soldiers. This action results from some of the on-board innovations such as an auxiliary winch to deploy the main winch, chain/davit hoists for heavy equipment/machinery and a grease operated track adjuster.

克里斯Chris

M88A2 HERCULES ADVANTAGES
M88A2 Comparison to M88A1

Mobility
Faster Speed, 24% With and 14% Without Towed Load due to Higher HP
20 - 25% Better in Braking Performance (Power Assist Brakes)
20 - 25% Better in Slope Performance
Recovery
?25% More Towing Capacity Capabilities
55% More Winching Capacity
40% More Hoisting Capacity
More Precise Winching and Hoisting Control
Survivability
Increased Armor Protection
Supportability
On Board Maintenance Aids to Reduce Crew Workload
Auxiliary Winch
Davit/Chain Hoist
Grease Operated Track Adjuster
Manpower
Performs Recovery Mission With Three-Man Crew (One-Man Saving)
The HERCULES manufacturer is United Defense, Ground Systems Division located in York, PA. The Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) awarded 9 Sep 94 with a follow-on award 2 Dec 94. The Hercules M88A1 to M88A2 conversion is a PM Hercules directed program where work is divided between UD and Anniston Army Depot (ANAD) to accomplish the conversion to the M88A2 Hercules Improved Recovery Vehicle.

The M88A2 Hercules Heavy Recovery Vehicle (HRV) is a full-tracked armored vehicle used to perform battlefield recovery missions including towing, hoisting, and winching. It is fully capable of recovery support for Abrams series tanks and future heavy combat vehicles. The M88A2 provides the Force XXI maintainer a recovery platform capable of performing a single vehicle tow for M1 series tanks. HERCULES allows maintenance teams to get to the fight and gives them needed capability to perform their mission.

The HERCULES is the answer to the current recovery deficiency for M1 series tanks and future heavy combat vehicles. HERCULES is a key enabler for the success of the Force XXI concept of operations and has a separate chapter in the Forward Force Modernization Plan. The Force XXI structure, where manpower and armor quantities are reduced, intensifies the need in an extended battlespace for a single system recovery capability that precludes the use of two vehicle and/or like-combat systems recovery. HERCULES provides this recovery capability, preserving resources and combat power/maneuverability. Within Force XXI, HERCULES will operate as part of the Forward Support Company (FSC) Combat Repair Team (CRT) that provides combined organizational and direct support maintenance to each maneuver company. The CRT is the maneuver battalion旧 first level of maintenance support. Deployment of the HERCULES is the CRT旧 first step towards restoring combat power to maneuver units. HERCULES is the enabling technology which allows the CRT to reach and retrieve disabled combat vehicles, deliver it to a location, based on METT-T, where repair can be performed, either by the Forward Repair System or in the Task Force Support Area (TFSA) Unit Maintenance Collection Point. HERCULES in concert with the FRS optimizes CRT maintenance capability.

克里斯Chris

The US Army received its first M88A2 on 11 Jul 97 as the first eight vehicles were handed off to units in the 1st Cavalry Division at Ft. Hood, TX. A total of 46 vehicles were fielded to 1CD by 4QFY99. The first units receiving the 70-ton armored recovery vehicles included the 3rd Squadron, 8th Cavalry and the 215th Forward Support Battalion (FSB) receiving seven and one each respectively. Successfully achieving First Unit Equipped (FUE) represents a critical milestone for any materiel development. For the HERCULES, FUE was accomplished on 31 Jul 97 after the units completed a two and a half week operator and maintenance New Equipment Training (NET) course conducted by the Ordnance Center and School (OC&S) from 14-30 Jul 97.

Starting in early April 1999, PM HERCULES initiated total package fielding of 27 vehicles to 4 ID(M), which is receiving HERCULES vehicles over 7 years prior to original fielding plans. HERCULES will be fielded in Armor Bns (7ea), Regimental Cav Sqdn (7ea), Div Cav Sqdn (5ea), Engineer Bns with Grizzly/Wolverine (2ea), and FSB/MSB (1ea). This requires a total of 629 systems. The Force XXI basis of issue is 6 per Forward Support Company (FSC)/Armor Battalion; 4 per Base Support Company (BSC); 1 per Division Support Battalion, 1 per Division Aviation Support Battalion, 7 per Regimental Cavalry Squadron, and 5 per Division Cavalry Squadron. The total Force XXI requirement is 605.

The M88A2 is being fielded after years of research, development and testing to ensure the system is safe, operable, maintainable and meets user requirements. Admittedly, not all technical concerns had been fully addressed at the time of initial fielding. However, those that had only been partially met placed no high risk to the user. Of particular concern was the loss of traction when towing an Abrams vehicle on slopes under wet and muddy conditions. Towing was restricted to the use of a braking vehicle, while the PMO assessed various tracks to enhance system performance, with improvements to be addressed as a vehicle retrofit.

The M88A2 Traction Enhancement Test teamed engineers from the HERCULES Program Managers office, ATC, and United Defense-Limited Partnership (UDLP). The team was tasked to evaluate proposed changes to the vehicle hardware/suspension that could possibly improve traction of the M88A2 HERCULES and to provide data for input into the modeling effort spearheaded by UDLP. The proposed changes included suspension lockout blocks, re-indexing torsion bars and repositioning of the tow pintle. These changes were designed to enhance the track-to-ground contact and also minimize the squatting effect of the rear of the vehicle during uphill towing. Also, selected track and cleat configurations were evaluated to measure their performance while towing on slopes. The traction enhancement demonstration was conducted at ATC旧 Churchville Test Area (CTA), which is located approximately 12 miles north of Aberdeen Proving Ground near the town of Churchville, MD. This facility is APG旧 hilly cross-country endurance test area and is used to evaluate the durability of power trains, suspensions, and braking systems of test vehicles as they negotiate (ascending and descending) the various steep hills, with grades up to 29 percent. Testing at CTA consisted of operating on various dirt-surfaced longitudinal grades ranging from 20 to 25 percent. The majority of the demonstrations were conducted on the 24 and 25 percent grades. Effective 10 August 1998, the HERCULES was officially approved for single vehicle tow of the Abrams tank and other 70 ton combat vehicles.

克里斯Chris

As with any new system, there are unforseen problems, because the M88A2 Heavy Recovery Vehicle System is not the M88A1 Medium Recovery Vehicle System. The HERCULES new main winch has the capabilities of recovering a stuck M1A2, in most cases, using a single line pull. The operating procedures for the main winch are not the same as the M88A1 main winch. Built into the HERCULES main winch are five micro-switches that are designed to protect the main winch from damage. These micro-switches protect the main winch by shutting down the hydraulic system and stopping the winch operations. The PMO was alarmed by a rash of expensive winch failures shortly after fielding at both Ft. Hood and Kuwait. A team of government and contractor experts was assembled to investigate the situation and make recommendations to correct the problem. The root cause of the damage was continued operation of the main winch after the cable mis-wrapped on the drum. The most frequent cause of cable mis-wrap was over-speeding the drum during cable pay out. The variable speed main winch can unwrap the cable faster than the auxiliary winch can pull it out of the vehicle. The team selected four design paths to address the problem. The most promising concept would be to reduce the winch power while in the over-ride mode. It would be better to stall the winch when the cable gets jammed than allow the winch to break itself. The M88A2 road wheel arm hub, bearing and idler arm spindles are built to a closer tolerance than that of the M88A1; therefore, requiring different procedures. As of late 1999 reports from the field indicated that soldiers were ignoring repeated warnings and continue to burn up hub bearings by not following proper procedures.

克里斯Chris

Specifications
VERSION	M88A1	M88A2 HERCULES
Manufacturer	BMY Combat Systems Division	United Defense, Ground Systems Division Anniston Army Depot (ANAD)
Primary function	recovery vehicle for main battle tanks	Improved recovery vehicle for main battle tanks
Length	352.5in (8.27M)(Boom Stowed)	27.13 feet (8.27 meters)
Width	135in (3.43M) At track	11.25 feet (3.43 meters)
Height	123in (3.13M) Boom Stowed	10.25 feet (3.12 meters)
Ground Clearance	17in (0.43m)
Weight, gross, fully loaded	112,000lbs (50,803KG)	70 tons
Power plant	12 Cylinder Diesel 750 HP at 2400 RPM: Combined Transmission, Differential Steering & Brake Unit	JP-8 Tuned 1,050 HP Engine Twin Engine Mounted Hydraulic Coolers
Vehicle Speed	27.0 MPH (42KM/HR) w/o Towed Load 18.0 MPH (29KM/HR) w Towed load 4.5 MPH (7.2KM/HR) w Towed Load up to 10% Grade	30 MPH (maximum)
Fuel capacity	400Gal (1515 Liters)	400 gallons
Fuel Consumption	0.7MPG (9.3KM Liter) at 16 MPH
Cruising range		300 miles
Fording depth
Without kit		56 inches
With kit		102 inches
Grade ascending		60%
Trench crossing		103 inches
Boom capacity		35 tons
Vehicle hoisting capability
Spade up	40,000 LB (4 Part Line W/Lockout)	6 tons
Spade down	50,000 LB (4 Part Line)	35 tons
Boom Lift Height (MAX)	At 8FT Reach: 22.5 FT At 4FT Reach: 25 FT
Line Pull	Hoist Winch (4Part Line): 50,000 LB Main Winch : 90,000 LB At 4FT Reach: 25 FT
Crew	4 enlisted	Commander Driver Mechanic
Unit Replacement Cost		$2,050,000

克里斯Chris

M88A1 比例圖 & 圖集

克里斯Chris

M88A2 裝備示意 & 圖集

克里斯Chris

美國M88系列裝甲搶修車

國別 美國  

名稱 M88系列裝甲搶修車
M88 Series Armoured Recovery Vehicle  

研製單位 鮑恩-麥克勞林-約克公司
Bowen-McLaughlin-York(BMY),US  

生產單位 鮑恩-麥克勞林-約克公司
Bowen-McLaughlin-York(BMY),US  


現狀 生產  
裝備情況 奧地利、巴林、埃及(165輛M88A1)、聯邦德國(2輛M88A1)、希臘(27輛M88A1)、以色列(25輛M88A1)等，總計有480輛M88A1銷售給20個國家

克里斯Chris

概述

二次世界大戰後美國軍制式裝甲搶救車為74式搶救車，由鮑恩-麥克勞林-約克公司設計和生產了1000餘輛。以後該公司根據合同，採用了M48坦克的許多部件，製造了3輛取名M88的樣車；接著又生產10輛樣車由部隊試驗。1960年該公司簽訂生產合同，1961年2月完成該車的首批生產，1964年完成最後批量生產，共生產了1075輛。

該車採用大陸公司(Continental)AVSI-1790-6A型12缸風冷噴射式汽油機。1972年4月，該公司接受了美國陸軍的一項設計M88改進型車輛的合同。1973年，該車改用泰萊達因·大陸汽車(Teledyne Continental Motors)公司的AVDS-1790-2DR 12缸柴油機，功率為551kW(750馬力)，此外，還匹配了改進的傳動裝置並進行了其他方面的改進。改造後車輛定名為M88E1，1975年3月又定名為M88A1。從1977年開始該車連續生產，到1989年陸軍接受最後一批M88A1時共採購2148輛，另外有878輛M88需要改造，總數為3026輛。

目前該車難以有效和安全地搶救目前列裝的、超過60t的裝甲戰鬥車輛，為此陸軍需要功率更大，牽引力更大的搶救車。考慮到軍隊的需要，鮑恩-麥克勞林-約克公司於1984年著手一項獨立的研究和發展計劃，研究未來的動力裝置和其他裝置以適應搶救M1坦克的需要。在上述計劃的影響下，1984年產生了名為M88AX的試驗車，它以M88A1的底盤為基礎，發動機功率由551kW(750馬力)提高到772kW(1050馬力)，傳動裝置也得到改進，使之與發動機功率特性相匹配。經配重後，車輛的試驗重量增到65t。1985年軍方在阿伯丁試驗場對該車進行了試驗。試驗證明這種增大了功率和重量的搶救車在搶救60t的M1時行駛速度明顯高於M88A1在搶救M60坦克時的行駛速度。由陸軍的工程水道試驗站進行的機動性分析進一步預測，即使是牽引比M60坦克重8t的車輛，該車在歐洲地區也有很好的機動能力。

1987年1月，美國陸軍與鮑恩-麥克勞林-約克公司簽定了一項研究和發展合同，合同包含設計、製造和試驗5輛樣車並對車體作單獨試驗。該樣車命名為M88A1E1。1988年進行樣車的研製和操作試驗。該試驗車採用了增大功率的772kW(1050馬力)發動機和改進性能的XT-1410傳動裝置，還換用了一種新絞盤，最大拉力為617kN68000kgf)以上，以滿足搶救M1、M1A1主戰坦克的需要，該車定型後將稱為M88A2，計劃生產846輛。