『每日軍事武器鑑賞』－ EA-6B「徘徊者式」電子戰機

克里斯Chris

EA-6B Prowler





The EA-6B Prowler is included in every aircraft carrier deployment. The EA-6B's primary mission is to protect fleet surface units and other aircraft by jamming hostile radars and communications. The EA-6B is an integral part of the fleet's first line of defense, and will remain so well into the next century. As a result of restructuring DoD assets in 1995, the EF-111 Raven was retired, and the EA-6B was left as the only radar jammer in DoD. Five new squadrons were stood up.


Four of these squadrons are dedicated to supporting USAF Aerospace Expeditionary Force wings. The EA-6B Prowler electronic warfare aircraft - which played a key role in suppressing enemy air defenses during Operation Desert Storm - enhances the strike capabilities not only of carrier air wings but of U.S. Air Force and allied forces as well. The decision to retire the Air Force EF-111A Raven and to assign all Department of Defense radar jamming missions to the Prowler adds to the significance of the EA-6B in joint warfare. With its jamming and High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) capability,


the Prowler is a unique national asset that will be deployed from land bases and aircraft carriers. Its ability to monitor the electromagnetic spectrum and actively deny an adversary's use of radar and communications is unmatched by any airborne platform worldwide. In the wake of DOD budgetary decisions to retire the F-4G Wild Weasel and phase out the EF-111 Raven, there will be increased reliance by the Joint Force Commander (JFC) on the EA-6B Prowler for the joint suppression of enemy air defenses (J-SEAD) role. It is understood that SEAD is much more than jamming and anti- radiation missiles.


All services bring complementary capabilities to the overall J-SEAD effort, and all services reap the benefits of the resulting air superiority. The Prowler is not optimized to provide a safe haven by virtue of an "umbrella of electrons". However, if used efficiently and effectively, this limited asset can provide the JFC with a decisive tactical advantage. The EA-6B is a multi-mission capable platform, that couples human interface with a sophisticated electronic warfare package. Whether the crew of four is assigned to a carrier-based Navy VAQ squadron, Marine Corps VMAQ squadron, or a newly formed,

jointly manned Navy land-based squadron (also VAQ), they will come to the "battlefield" as a highly standardized crew that completed centralized training at NAS Whidbey Island, WA. The Prowler is derived from the two-seater A-6 Intruder attack aircraft. The basic airframe was stretched and strengthened to accommodate a four-seat cockpit. Another distinguishing feature is the pod-shaped fairing at the top of the vertical fin. The heart of the EA-6B is the AN/ALQ-99 Tactical Jamming System. The Prowler can carry up to five pods (one belly mounted and two on each wing). Each pod is integrally powered and houses two jamming transmitters that cover one of seven frequency bands. The EA-6B can carry any mix of pods, fuel tanks and/or HARM anti-radiation missiles depending on mission requirements.

克里斯Chris

The EA-6B's tail fin pod houses sensitive surveillance receivers, capable of detecting hostile radar emissions at long range. Emitter information is processed by the central mission computer. Detection, identification, direction-finding, and jammer-set-on-sequence may be performed automatically or by the crew.

The crew of the Prowler consists of the pilot and three electronic countermeasures officers (ECMOs). The ALQ-99 jammers are operated by the two ECMOs in the aft cockpit. The ECMO in the right front seat is responsible for navigation, communications, and defensive electronic countermeasures.
In the coming years, the Prowler fleet will be modernized and upgraded to keep the aircraft and its systems abreast of evolving threats and to maintain aircraft safety. The Block 89A upgrade program will address structural and supportability problems associated with aging aircraft and includes numerous avionics improvements for safety of flight and joint interoperability. Later improvements to the Prowler's AN/ALQ-99 tactical jamming system, including the Improved Capabilities (ICAP) III upgrade, new high and low frequency transmitters, and continuing structural enhancements, will ensure that the EA-6B remains the world's premier tactical electronic warfare platform and a force multiplier for years to come.

The Marine Corps EA-6B Prowler provides Airborne Command and Control (C2W) support to Fleet Marine Forces to include electronic attack (EA), tactical electronic support (ES), electronic protection (EP) and high speed anti-radiation missile (HARM).

The EA-6B's ALQ-99 OBS is used to collect tactical electronic order of battle (EOB) data which can be disseminated through the command and control system while airborne, and which can be recorded and processed after missions to provide updates to various orders of battle. The ALQ-00 TJS is used to provide active radar jamming support to assault support and attack aircrtaft, as well as ground units. Additional suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) capability is available with the employment of HARM.

Marine Prowlers may be land-based from prepared airfields, or they can operate from expeditionary airfields (EAF). They may also be sea-based, operating from aircraft carriers. Marine Prowlers are unique in their integration with the Tactical Electronic Processing and Evaluation System (TERPES). TERPES provides post-mission analysis of EA-6B ES data for reporting and updating orders of battle. It also provides post-mission analysis of jamming and HARM employment for reporting, assessing and storing mission data.

Following the transition from the EA-6A aircraft to the EA-6B, Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 2 (VMAQ-2) continued to provide detachments to Carrier Air Wing Five on board the USS Midway. In 1980 VMAQ-2 completed its assignment aboard the Midway and began shore-based rotations with the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing in Iwakuni, Japan. Detachments were subsequently sent back to sea duty aboard the USS Saratoga and USS America. Marine Prowlers supported joint operations against Libya in 1986 from the carrier.


During Operations Desert Storm and Desert Shield VMAQ-2 had one detachment (six aircraft) deployed in Japan and the remainder of the squadron (12 aircraft) deployed to the Persian Gulf. The Reserve squadron, VMAQ-4 (six aircraft), transitioned from the EA-6A to the EA-6B and subsequently relieved the detachment in Japan. During Desert Shield the squadron flew 936 sorties for over 2100 hours. Marine Prowlers flew 495 combat missions totaling 1622 hours, supporting the full spectrum of joint and combined missions.

Effective Oct. 1, 1992, the Marine Prowler community reorganized its structure. VMAQS are now structured into four active force squadrons (VMAQ-1, 2, 3, 4). Each squadron now has at least five aircraft. This restructuring provides the flexibility necessary for continuing to support peacetime requirements, as well as the capacity to concurrently assign Marine EA-6B forces to commanders in different areas of operation. One squadron was assigned to Carrier Airwing One on USS America (CV 66) in FY95, while the others continue to support the Unit Deployment Program and CINC contingency requirements.

克里斯Chris

Upgrades
The EA-6B Block 89A is supposed to IOC in 2000. The upgrade promises to be a substantial improvement over previous Block aircraft. The communication system is designed around two ARC-210's in the front and one ARC-182 in the back. In addition to being capable of the same communication frequency ranges as the ARC-182, the ARC-210's also have integrated HAVEQUICK and SINCGARS functions. Another really nice feature about the ARC-210's is that they are integrated with the control display navigation unit (CDNU) so that you can control the radios (all three of them) from a "Radio" page on the CDNU. Navigation system upgrades are also very substantial. The primary navigation sensor is the Litton CN-1649(V)4/ASN-172 Embedded GPS/INS (EGI). This unit combines the Litton LN-100G strapdown inertial unit with a GPS receiver. The result is that the system, or the aircrew, can select from four possible navigation solutions from this one unit. You can select a pure inertial, GPS, filtered inertial, or filtered inertial solution with GPS aiding. Most of the testing used the filtered inertial solution with GPS aiding, called Blended/Coupled, because it was typically the most accurate. This mode allowed the Prowler to navigate with an accuracy of about 16 m (52 ft), a big improvement! The ASN-130 is still in the aircraft as the secondary attitude and navigation source with all the capability it has always had. The 89A also features an improved databus structure that allows the CDNU to integrate many things like the radios, RADAR cursor, both navigation sensors, route control, HARM control, WRA BIT, and current navigation and attitude information.

Software improvements to the AGM-88 High-Speed Antiradiation Missile (HARM) have created the Block IIIA and V missile from the Block III and IV hardware. To ensure continued EA-6B compatibility, OFP's SSA 5.2 and 89A 1.0 have been developed by the Weapons System Support Activity, Point Mugu, California. Both are baselined from 5.1 COD, will include HARM III/IIIA/IV/V, and are supported by the same TEAMS release. Two successful live fires of IIIA and V missiles from Block 89A aircraft were made in September 1998 and will be followed this winter by Block 82/89 live fires. The differences in the OFP software will be nearly transparent to the fleet when Block 89A's start arriving. The 89A 1.0 OFP has been optimized for the Block 89A avionics architecture that includes a second 1553 navigation bus and CDNU bus control.
The Multimission Advanced Tactical Terminal (MATT) and Improved Data Modem (IDM), a program originally called the Connectivity Modification, is a miniaturized, airborne UHF receiver providing detection, decryption, and correlation of contact information obtained through the TRAP, TADIXS-B, and TIBS broadcasts. The contact data arrives in near-real-time from national asset sensors and can give an over-the-horizon look at both friendly and hostile platforms and emitters. The MATT is a single WRA installed above the port wing shoulder, with associated satellite receive antenna and filter, replacing the ADF antenna on the 鋳urtleback.?The IDM is a device that formats digital data for transmission using the existing ARC-159, radio No. 3. In a perfect world, incoming MATT data can be examined, selected, and digitally transmitted using the IDM to F-16's as HARM target packages. Information can also be exchanged with other IDM-equipped EA-6B's or Rivet Joint aircraft.


The flip side of the new capabilities is that both the MATT and IDM are controlled using a commercially ruggedized laptop computer in a Windows 95 environment, connected by a cable to the center console in the rear cockpit. This less-than-optimum solution of system engineering will be solved when both MATT and IDM systems are integrated into the aircraft displays on the future ICAP III model of the EA-6B.

The USQ-113(V)3 Radio Countermeasures Set, also known as Phase III, was designed to detect, analyze, monitor, and/or jam voice and data link signals. Block 89 has undergone extensive ground testing for the USQ-113, following resumption of testing in September 1998. Ground testing was stopped due to software immaturity and BIT reliability problems. Anechoic chamber testing included finishing electromagnetic compatibility, TEMPEST, precipitation-static, and system performance. Electromagnetic vulnerability testing took place in mid February 1999, and flight testing began at the end of the month. The USQ-113 is controlled primarily by the same ruggedized laptop computer that is used for the MATT/IDM systems, or by an improved operator control panel in the front cockpit.
The EA-6B will begin retirement in the 2010 timeframe, after a career that exceeded 40 years of deployments in support of USN, USMC, and USAF strike forces. As of early 2000, Defense Department planning for replacing the EA-6B Prowler include a scheme under which the Navy would buy an F/A-18G "Growler" -- an F/A-18E/F modified for escort and close-in jamming. The Air Force would provide standoff jamming with modified EB-52s or EB-1s, and close-in jamming with unmanned air vehicles such as the Northrop Grumman Global Hawk or General Atomics Predator.

克里斯Chris

克里斯Chris

Specifications
Manufacturer:	Grumman Aircraft Corporation
Power plant:	Two Pratt & Whitney J52-P408 turbofan engines
Thrust:	11,200 pounds (4,767 kilograms) per engine
Length:	59 feet (17.98 meters)
Height:	15 feet (4.57 meters)
Wing span:	53 feet (16.15 meters)
Speed:	Maximum .99 mach; cruise .72 mach
Ceiling:	40,000 feet - maximum (12,186 meters) 37,600 feet - Service ceiling
Performance	2,750 ft - Minimum take-off distance 2,185 ft - Minimum landing distance
Weight	33,600 lbs - Empty 61,500 lbs - Maximum TOGW (27,921 kilograms) 15,422 lbs - Internal fuel 10,000 lbs - External fuel 4,000 lbs - External fuel (typical)
Range:	Unrefueled in combat configuration: 850 nautical miles (977.5 miles) Ferry range (5 drop tanks) 1,747 nm Refueled: unlimited (crew fatigue factor - approximately 8 hours)
Armament:	ALQ-99 Tactical Jamming System (TJS); High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM)
Sensors:	ALQ-99 On-board System (OBS)
Crew:	4
Introduction date:	ICAP configuration, 1977; current ICAP II configuration, 1984
Unit Replacement Cost:	$52,000,000
Inventory:	100 PAA 120 total

VRML 3-D Model
EA-6B Prowler
VRML by Soji Yamakawa

克里斯Chris

(文章來自：美國海軍專用電子對抗飛機的主要機種）

克里斯Chris

美國EA-6B「徘徊者」電子戰飛機

EA-6B「徘徊者」是美國海軍專用電子對抗飛機的主要機種，其前身是EA-6A 飛機。EA-6A 於1963 年試飛，不久便投入越南戰爭中使用。由於受飛機攜帶能力的限制，EA-6A 的機載干擾機所能輻射的功率及覆蓋頻段都十分有限，戰術上也顯得呆板、單調，因此越來越不適應現代戰爭作戰環境的需要。為此，美國海軍緊急出資1600 萬美元，由格魯門飛機製造公司研製一種專門用於電子戰的飛機，EA-6B 就是在這種背景下問世的。該型機1968 年5月25 日首次試飛，1971 年1 月開始裝備部隊。同年7 月，美國海軍航空兵第132 戰術電子戰中隊首先具備使用EA-6B 的作戰能力。其主要作戰使命是，憑借敏感的接收機和大功率干擾機等電子設備，干擾對方的雷達和無線電通信設施，使之不能正常工作，以達到掩護己方目標的目的。

EA-6B 飛機沒有裝設武器裝備，不像EA-6A 那樣仍然保留部分攻擊能力，既能當干擾機用，也能當攻擊機用。該型機上的電子干擾設備更多，所以比EA-6A 增加2 名乘員，並加長了機身1.37 米，機頭直徑也加大1.02 米，採取前後兩個雙座座艙佈局。其機長18.24 米、機高4.95 米；翼展16.5 米，機翼面積49.1 平方術。FA-6B 的空重14588 千克，正常起飛重量24703 千克，最大正常起飛重量29483 千克。飛機的最大速度（海平面）987 公里/小時，巡航速度774 公里/小時；實用升限11580 米，爬升率3057 米/分；其最大航程為3254 公里（帶副油箱時），載油量11592 千克。

克里斯Chris

EA-6B 飛機自服役以來，針對地面防空系統的發展幾經改進。最初為基本型，1973 年1 月發展了增強型，1976 年3 月又發展了改進型。到1979 年，基本型和增強型的EA-6B 全部改裝為改進型。1984 年1 月、改進Ⅱ型的EA-6B 開始裝備部隊。改進之處主要不在機體，而在電子對抗設備和戰術運用方面。


改進設計充分運用了幾次局部戰爭的經驗和所獲得的最新情報，致使EA-6B 的電子對抗性能更趨完善可靠。該型機的主要電子對抗設備裝載在外掛的電子吊艙內；為了有足夠的動力攜帶外掛負載，該型機採用2 台J52-P-408 軸流式渦輪噴氣發動機，單台推力約5082千克，比EA-6A 約增加865 千克，保持了較好的機動性能。EA-6B 還裝有經過改裝的橫向方向穩定增強系統，以減小因外掛負載而增大的滾動慣性，這種滾動慣性在飛機做橫滾機動飛行時會造成不利的偏航。機上的電子對抗設備採用綜合接收系統的設計，其特點是對電子干擾裝置和己方防禦的干擾設備具有控制能力，即己方的電子干擾裝置對對方的雷達、無線電信號反應靈敏，而對對方的干擾信號則不敏感，並能同時對戰術干擾裝置進行監視。


EA-6B 與A-6 的主要區別除座艙數量不同外，主要是其垂尾頂端加裝了一個較大的雷達罩。

克里斯Chris

EA-6B 改進型上的電子對抗設備有：AN/ALR-42（或AN/ALR-67）雷達告警接收機。該設備由寬晶體視頻接收機、多頻道超外差接收機、可重編程序處理機及天線組成，能覆蓋E-J 波段，頻率範圍為2～18 千兆赫。


該設備具有高截獲概率、高測向精度，全向覆蓋和廣泛的信號識別能力。當對方接收到對方雷達信號時，該設備能對威脅信號做高速數字處理，在5 秒鐘之內向機組人員提供可視和音響報警，告示飛機所受的威脅程度和威脅信號的來源。可重編程序處理機的內存貯器存有上百種雷達信號數據，可與接到的信號進行比較，以便識別，顯示器可同時顯示十幾種雷達的距離、方位、籍別和狀態等參數。

該設備還能與干擾設備相配合，直接控制電子干擾裝置。AN/ALQ-99D 大功率戰術雜波干擾系統是EA-6B 的電子對抗設備的核心系統。


該系統的干擾裝置採用外掛吊艙式，每架飛機最多可攜帶5 個吊艙，兩側內段機翼下各掛2 個，機身下掛一個，總重2155 千克。其中2 個是低頻段，其餘在較高頻段工作。每個吊艙裡有2 台有源干擾發射機，每台的干擾輸出功率為2 千瓦。這些干擾發射機能混合發出不同頻率的干擾信號，可以覆蓋7 個頻段，頻率範圍為64 兆赫至10.5 千兆赫。該系統採用IBM 公司的4-P型數字計算機，根據存貯的數據雷達告警接收機的輸出信號和機組人員的指令，可自動完成發現和識別信號、干擾天線定向及干擾發射機變頻等電子對抗措施。這台計算機也可完成其他電子對抗設備和導航設備的信息處理及設備控制，選出最佳干擾方式。
AN/ALQ-99 干擾系統被認為是美國電子對抗設備中最具吸引力的干擾機之一。


AN/ALQ-126 欺騙式干擾機是美國海軍傳統採用的有源欺騙干擾設備。發射天線位於機翼的掛架上，覆蓋範圍為E-J 波段，每個波段的輸出功率大於1 千瓦，響應時間100 毫微秒。該設備可將對方雷達照射到飛機上的脈衝信號接收下來（延遲），並以大功率再將它們發射出去（回授），使對方雷達跟蹤這一干擾信號，從而產生方位和高度誤差。這樣，飛機的真實位置就被隱蔽了。當AN/ALQ-99 干擾系統發射時或隱蔽飛機位置的努力奏效時，該設備處於關機狀態。機上還裝有AN/ALE-29A（或AN/ALE-39）干擾物投放裝置。該裝置使用兩個30 發裝的發射器，能夠發射60 枚RR-129 箔條彈或60 枚MK-46（或MK-47）曳光彈。機組人員可利用安裝在座艙內的控制裝置選擇所要發射的霰彈數量和類型，並選擇發射時固定和不固定的時間間隔。在緊急情況下，2個滿裝的發射器可在2.5 秒內全部發射完。該裝置還可投放一次性使用的干擾機。這種干擾機能產生瞄準干擾、阻塞干擾和掃頻干擾，能破壞雷達、無線電數據傳遞電路和無線電通信線路的工作。該裝置與雷達告警接收機接口，可自動啟動。

克里斯Chris

在飛機的機身內還裝有AN/ALQ-92 和AN/ALQ-142 超短波通信干擾機。它可由機頭下側的刀形天線發射干擾信號。該設備具有顯示通信電磁強度和參數，控制干擾強度的能力，可根據需要採用自動、半自動和手控三種方式中的任一方式進行干擾。
EA-6B 常用的戰術主要有兩種：一種是護航干擾（亦稱伴隨干擾），另一種是遠距干擾。在進行護航干擾時，FA-6B 直接加入突擊機群編隊，保持連續對地對空導彈制導雷達和高炮炮瞄雷達進行干擾，抑制戰場一帶的對方防空指揮系統。進攻結束後，EA-6B 再回到編隊中的位置。這種戰術適用於攻擊防空火力較弱，突擊機群易於進入目標區的作戰行動。在進行遠距離干擾時，EA-6B 在突擊機群進入目標區的同一方向上提前5～10 分鐘抵達預定活動區。

活動區選擇在敵方地對空導彈和高炮射程之外，與被攻擊目標保持48～80 公里的距離。EA-6B 在活動區作往返航線或橢圓形航線飛行，對敵方火控雷達和指揮通信系統實施不間斷的干擾，為己方的突擊機群提供通向被攻擊目標的「保護走廊」，支援其作戰。這種戰術多用於攻擊防空火力較強的目標。EA-6B 通常與E-2C 艦載預警機配合行動，除可支援空中突擊作戰外，還可為戰術戰鬥機和水面艦艇提供電子戰防護。截至80 年代末，美國海軍現役的EA-6B 電子戰飛機約有80 架，分屬11個以上戰術電子戰中隊。美國海軍陸戰隊航空聯隊也於1977～1979 年組建了3 個裝備該型機的戰術電子戰中隊。EA-6B 電子戰飛機無論在越南戰爭後期、美國襲擊利比亞，以及海灣戰爭中都充分發揮了作用，取得了較好的效果。