鐵之狂傲

標題: 『每日軍事武器鑑賞』- F-22猛禽戰鬥機 [列印本頁]

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:16
標題: 『每日軍事武器鑑賞』- F-22猛禽戰鬥機
F-22 Raptor

The F-22 program is developing the next-generation air superiority fighter for the Air Force to counter emerging worldwide threats. It is designed to penetrate enemy airspace and achieve a first-look, first-kill capability against multiple targets. The F-22 is characterized by a low-observable, highly maneuverable airframe; advanced integrated avionics; and aerodynamic performance allowing supersonic cruise without afterburner.

Stealth: Greatly increases survivability and lethality by denying the enemy critical information required to successfully attack the F-22

Integrated Avionics: Allows F-22 pilots unprecedented awareness of enemy forces through the fusion of on- and off-board information

Supercruise: Enhances weapons effectiveness; allows rapid transit through the battlespace; reduces the enemy’s time to counter attack


The F-22's engine is expected to be the first to provide the ability to fly faster than the speed of sound for an extended period of time without the high fuel consumption characteristic of aircraft that use afterburners to achieve supersonic speeds. It is expected to provide high performance and high fuel efficiency at slower speeds as well.
For its primary air-to-air role, the F-22 will carry six AIM-120C and two AIM-9 missiles. For its air-to-ground role, the F-22 can internally carry two 1,000 pound-class Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM), two AIM-120C, and two AIM-9 missiles. With the Global Positioning System-guided JDAM, the F-22 will have an adverse weather capability to supplement the F-117 (and later the Joint Strike Fighter) for air-to-ground missions after achieving air dominance.


The F-22's combat configuration is "clean", that is, with all armament carried internally and with no external stores. This is an important factor in the F-22's stealth characteristics, and it improves the fighter's aerodynamics by dramatically reducing drag, which, in turn, improves the F-22's range. The F-22 has four under wing hardpoints, each capable of carrying 5,000 pounds. A single pylon design, which features forward and aft sway braces, an aft pivot, electrical connections, and fuel and air connections, is used. Either a 600-gallon fuel tank or two LAU-128/A missile launchers can be attached to the bottom of the pylon, depending on the mission. There are two basic external configurations for the F-22:

Four 600 gallon fuel tanks, no external weapons: This configuration is used when the aircraft is being ferried and extra range is needed. A BRU-47/A rack is used on each pylon to hold the external tanks.

Two 600 gallon fuel tanks, four missiles: This configuration is used after air dominance in a battle area has been secured, and extra loiter time and firepower is required for Combat Air Patrol (CAP). The external fuel tanks, held by a BRU-47/A rack are carried on the inboard stations, while a pylon fitted with two LAU-128/A rail launchers is fitted to each of the outboard stations.

An all-missile external loadout (two missiles on each of the stations) is possible and would not be difficult technically to integrate, but the Air Force has not stated a requirement for this configuration. Prior to its selection as winner of what was then known as the Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) competition, the F-22 team conducted a 54-month demonstration/ validation (dem/val) program. The effort involved the design, construction and flight testing of two YF-22 prototype aircraft. Two prototype engines, the Pratt & Whitney YF119 and General Electric YF120, also were developed and tested during the program. The dem/val program was completed in December 1990. Much of that work was performed at Boeing in Seattle, Lockheed (now known as Lockheed Martin) facilities in Burbank, Calif., and at General Dynamics' Fort Worth, Texas, facilities (now known as Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems). The prototypes were assembled in Lockheed's Palmdale, Calif., facility and made their maiden flight from there. Since that time Lockheed's program management and aircraft assembly operations have moved to Marietta, Ga., for the EMD and production phases.
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:16
The F-22 passed milestone II in 1991. At that time, the Air Force planned to acquire 648 F-22 operational aircraft at a cost of $86.6 billion. After the Bottom Up Review, completed by DOD in September 1993, the planned quantity of F-22s was reduced to 442 at an estimated cost of $71.6 billion.

A $9.55 billion contract for Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) of the F-22 was awarded to the industry team of Boeing and Lockheed Martin in August 1991. Contract changes since then have elevated the contract value to approximately $11 billion. Under terms of the contract, the F-22 team will complete the design of the aircraft, produce production tooling for the program, and build and test nine flightworthy and two ground-test aircraft.

A Joint Estimate Team was chartered in June 1996 to review the F-22 program cost and schedule. JET concluded that the F-22 engineering and manufacturing development program would require additional time and funding to reduce risk before the F-22 enters production. JET estimated that the development cost would increase by about $1.45 billion. Also, JET concluded that F-22 production cost could grow by about $13 billion (from $48 billion to $61 billion) unless offset by various cost avoidance actions. As a result of the JET review the program was restructured, requiring an additional $2.2 billion be added to the EMD budget and 12 months be added to the schedule to ensure the achievement of a producible, affordable design prior to entering production. The program restructure allowed sourcing within F-22 program funds by deleting the three pre-production aircraft and slowing the production ramp. Potential for cost growth in production was contained within current budget estimate through cost reduction initiatives formalized in a government/industry memorandum of agreement. The Defense Acquisition Board principals reviewed the restructured program strategy and on February 11, 1997 the Defense Acquisition Executive issued an Acquisition Defense Memorandum approving the strategy.

The Quadrennial Defense Review Reportwhich was released in mid-May 1997, reduced the F-22 overall production quantity from 438 to 339, slowed the Low Rate Initial Production ramp from 70 to 58, and reduced the maximum production rate from 48 to 36 aircraft per year.

The F-22 EMD program marked a successful first flight on September 7, 1997. The flight test program, which has already begun in Marietta, Georgia, will continue at Edwards AFB, California through the year 2001. Low rate production is scheduled to begin in FY99. The aircraft production rate will gradually increase to 36 aircraft per year in FY 2004, and will continue that rate until all 339 aircraft have been built (projected to be complete in 2013). Initial Operational Capability of one operational squadron is slated for December 2005.

The F-15 fleet is experiencing problems with avionics parts obsolescence, and the average age of the fleet will be more than 30 years when the last F-22 is delivered in 2013. But the current inventory of F-15s can be economically maintained in a structurally sound condition until 2015 or later. None of the 918 F-15s that were in the inventory in July 1992 will begin to exceed their expected economic service lives until 2014.
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:17



作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:17
Specifications
FunctionAir superiority fighter
ContractorsLockheed Martin Aeronautical Systems: F-22 program management, the integrated forebody (nose section) and forward fuselage (including the cockpit and inlets), leading edges of the wings, the fins and stabilators, flaps, ailerons, landing gear and final assembly of the aircraft. Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems: Center fuselage, stores management, integrated navigation and electronic warfare systems (INEWS), the communications, navigation, and identification (CNI) system, and the weapon support system. Boeing: wings, aft fuselage (including the structures necessary for engine and nozzle installation), radar system development and testing, avionics integration, the training system, and flight-test development and management. Pratt & Whitney: F119-PW-100 engines that power the Raptor.
Major Subcontractors (partial list): Northrop Grumman, Texas Instruments, Kidde-Graviner Ltd., Allied-Signal Aerospace, Hughes Radar Systems, Harris, Fairchild Defense, GEC Avionics, Lockheed Sanders, Kaiser Electronics, Digital Equipment Corp., Rosemount Aerospace, Curtiss-Wright Flight Systems, Dowty Decoto, EDO Corp., Lear Astronics Corp., Parker-Hannifin Corp., Simmonds Precision, Sterer Engineering, TRW, XAR, Motorola, Hamilton Standard, Sanders/GE Joint Venture, Menasco Aerospace.
Propulsiontwo Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 engines
Thrust35,000 lbst
Length62.08 feet, 18.90 meters
Height16.67 feet, 5.08 meters
Wingspan44.5 feet, 13.56 meters
Wing Area840 square feet
Horizontal Tailspan29 feet, 8.84 meters
Maximum Takeoff Weight
Ceiling
SpeedMach 1.8 (supercruise: Mach 1.5)
Crewone
ArmamentTwo AIM-9 Sidewinders six AIM-120C Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missiles (AMRAAM) one 20mm Gatling gun two 1,000-pound Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM)
First flight: September 7, 1997
Date Deployeddeliveries beginning in 2002
operational by 2004

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:17
Unit Costs                             DOD's Projected Unit                 Prices Before and After Restructuring                                    Production                            --------------------------                              Low-rate     Full-rate                            ------------  ------------                            Units   Unit  Units   UnitEstimates                           cost          cost  --------------------------  ----  ------  ----  ------  Before restructuring          76  $142.6   362  $102.8Restructured without          70  $200.3   368  $128.2 initiativesRestructured with             70  $200.8   368  $ 92.4 initiatives------------------------------------------------------SOURCE: GAO June 1997
VRML 3-D Model
F-22 Raptor
VRML by Soji Yamakawa
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:19














(文章來自 :21世紀的主戰機種)

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:20
F-22猛禽戰鬥機

維基百科,自由的百科全書

F-22猛禽(F-22 Raptor),是由美國洛克希德·馬丁公司、波音和通用動力公司公司聯合設計的新一代重型匿蹤戰鬥機。也是專家們所指的目前唯一面世的「第四代戰鬥機」。它將成為21世紀的主戰機種。主要任務為取得和保持戰區制空權,將是F-15的後繼型號。

F/A-22是美國於21世紀初期的主力重型戰鬥機,它是目前最昂貴的戰鬥機。它配備了主動相控陣雷達、AIM-9X近程空對空導彈、AIM-120C中程空對空飛彈、向量推力引擎、先進整合航電與人機介面等。在設計上具備超音速巡航(不需要使用後燃器維持)、超視距作戰、高機動性、對雷達與紅外線匿蹤(隱身)等特性。據估計其作戰能力為現役F-15的2到4倍。將會在較長的一段時間裏成為世界重型戰鬥機的霸主。研發F/A-22的的技術也同時應用到了下一代F-35「閃電II」(Lightning II) 身上。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:20
基本資料
機員數 1
生產商 洛克希德·馬丁、波音和通用動力
造價 約2.569億美元/架
機身尺寸
翼展 13.56米
機身 18.92米
高 5.00米
機翼面積 78.80平方米
重量
空重 14,385公斤
最大起飛重 27,216公斤
動力
發動機 2 x 普惠公司F119-PW-100渦輪風扇發動機
推力 2x 155-178千牛頓
最大使用過載 9 G
飛行表現
最高速度 保密(估計約在2馬赫)
超音速巡航 1.58 馬赫
海平面最高飛行速度 1480 公里/小時 1.21 馬赫
飛送航程 3200公里
實用升限 18,000公尺
武器系統
雷達 AN/APG-77
機槍 1x M61A1/A2 20mm 火神砲
炸彈 GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU-16, CBU-59, Mk-80s
飛彈 對空:AIM-9, AIM-120
對地:AGM-62, AGM-65, JDAM
對艦:AGM-84
反輻射:AGM-88

火箭 NA
其他
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:20
開發歷程

本計劃原稱作先進戰術戰鬥機(Advanced Tactical Fighter,ATF)

1971年美國戰術空軍指揮部提出的下一代戰機的研發計劃。這個計劃帶動諸多1970年代的小型研究計畫,美國空軍原先打算於1977年到1981年之間以兩組原型機進行試飛,可惜因預算不足而取消。當年美國戰機的設計重點是對地攻擊為第一優先,只要求空戰時有足夠自衛的能力。

1979年時,美國空軍將對地攻擊和空戰性能的重要性提升到同一層次。

1982年美國空軍面對蘇聯戰鬥機的快速發展,以及美國空軍準備使用F-15E與F-16擔任對地攻擊的任務、F-117進入試飛階段,對地攻擊的需求已經不是那麼重要。當年10月,最終定案的計畫正式在最後一次公開會議上提出。ATF的技術要求將以下五個特點集在一架飛機上,即低可偵測性(匿蹤)、高度機動性和敏捷性、不需使用後燃器即可作超音速巡航(而不是只滿足於以往使用後燃器短時間超音速衝刺)、有效載重不低於F—15和具有飛越包括第三世界戰區在內的所有戰區的能力。面對如此先進的設計要求,F-22必須採用一切已有的世界級航空頂尖技術。 與YF-23的競爭試飛後,YF-22被美國空軍選中繼續研發。

1990年9月F-22的原型機試飛。

1997年9月EMD型飛機首飛。

2002年開始交付生產型飛機。


2004年形成初步作戰能力。F-22在原型機時的編號為「YF-22」,發展型時為「F/A-22」。

2005年在美國空軍正式服役的量產型則為「F-22A」。最初計劃採購750架,經過兩次削減最後確定的採購數量是179架,現已交機50架。

F-22的試驗和改良十分細緻和週到,因為美國空軍認為「F—22並非今日所需,而是為了對付明天的威脅。因此,我們不是為瞭解決今天的問題在研製,而是要回答今天所能預料的明天會出現的所有可能的問題。我們考慮的是美國空軍明天的空中優勢。因此F—22必須組合有最好的匿蹤、超音速巡航。一體化航空電子系統、敏捷性以及作為制空權所需的對空、對地致命的打擊和支援性。」
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:20
技術特點

F-22採用雙垂尾雙發單座佈局。垂尾向外傾斜27度,恰好處於一般匿蹤設計的邊緣。其兩側進氣口裝在翼前緣延伸面(邊條翼)下方,與噴嘴一樣,都作了抑制紅外輻射的匿蹤設計,主翼和水準安定面採用相同的後掠角和後緣前掠角,都是小展弦比的梯形平面形,水泡型座艙蓋凸出於前機身上部,全部武器都隱蔽地掛在4個內部彈艙之中。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:21
結構特點

在平面內為帶高位梯形機翼的帶尾翼的綜合氣動力系統,包括彼此隔開很寬和帶方向舵並朝外傾斜的垂直尾翼,並且水準安定面直接靠近機翼佈置。按照技術標準(小反射外形、用吸收無線電波的材料、用無線電電子對抗器材和小輻射的機載無線電電子設備裝備戰鬥機,其設計最小有交錯射面為0.005-0.01平方米左右 (機密)。在機體上廣泛使用含熱塑(12%)和熱作用(10%)的聚合複合材料(KM)。在批生產的飛機上使用複合材料(KM)的比例(按重量)將達35%。兩側翼下菱形截面發動機進氣道為不可調節的進氣道,為敷設發動機壓氣機冷壁進氣道呈S形通道。發動機二維噴管,有固定的側壁和調節噴管橫截面積及按俯仰±20°角偏轉推力向量而設計的可動上調節板和下調節板。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:21
航電系統
按TRW公司通用手冊研製的整套綜合機載無線電電子設備包括:中央數據綜合處理系統;綜合通訊、導航和識別系統ICNIA和包括無線電電子對抗系統的全套進行電子戰的設備INEWS;具高分辨力的機載雷達AN/APG-77和光電感測器系統EOSS,兩個鐳射陀螺儀的超黃蜂LN-100F慣性導航系統(HHC)。機載雷達為帶電子掃描的主動定相天線陣,它包含了1000多塊模組,其中使用了超高頻率範圍的單一積分系統技術。為提高隱蔽性,設計有雷達站被動工作狀態,它保證雷達站以主動狀態工作時使信號更不容易被截獲。飛行員座艙內的自動儀表設備包括4台液晶顯示器和廣角儀錶起飛著陸系統。

F-22的航空電子系統採用「寶石柱」計劃取行的系統構形研究成果和許多新技術。這種可重構的系統構形,用外場可更換模件(LRM)取代了外場可更換部件(LRU)。各模件分別承擔整個航空電子系統的一部分工作,各模件承擔的工作與飛機執行任務時的飛行階段密切相關。而且當某個模件發生故障時,可使用其他正常模件來承擔這一階段最重要的功能,從而提高了系統工作的可靠性。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:21
雷達

F-22的AN/APG-77雷達是1個用於探測目標的有源相控陣系統。它通過集中式數據處理系統與其他感測器和航空電子設備一起工作。處理器控制天線發射和接收波束的圖形,以及處理接收的雷達數據。 APG-77雷達的技術基礎是超可靠雷達(URR)計劃和空軍的有源相控陣雷達試驗。超可靠雷達的獨特的特點是得克薩斯儀錶公司的固態相控陣(SSPA)天線。每個輻射元件的獨立發射和接收是這種系統設計中的創新之處,並確保提高了靈活性、小的雷達反射截面積和寬的頻帶。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:22
武器

F-22基本武器都安裝在機內。F-22設有三個內部武器艙,兩個設在進氣道旁(每個艙可容納一枚AIM-9L/M/X飛彈),另一個武器艙設在機身底部,可容納4枚AIM-120A導彈或6枚AIM-120C導彈。另外內裝1門6管M61A2火神機炮。



匿蹤狀態

對空配備
2枚 AIM-9M/X
6枚 AIM-120C

對地配備(方案一)
2枚 1000磅聯合直接攻擊炸彈
2枚 AIM-9M/X
2枚 AIM-120C

對地配備(方案二)
8枚 250磅GBU-39小直徑炸彈
2枚 AIM-9M/X
2枚 AIM-120C

非匿蹤狀態
2枚 AIM-9M/X
6枚 AIM-120C或4枚GBU-39或2枚JDAM
4個 600加侖油箱或對地/艦武器
8枚 AIM-9M/X或AIM-120C
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:22
維護

F-22的戰鬥損耗率在十年後僅為F-15的二十分之一(在與俄製su-37的虛擬戰鬥中,F-22和SU-37的損耗率為1比10),維護人員將減半,一個中隊20年中的維持成本將比F-15少5億美元。F-22可進行「超視距作戰」,美國空軍對此充滿信心,現正準備將F-22裝備部隊。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-7 19:23
美竭力拓展F-22「猛禽」戰鬥機「超凡性能」

新華網紐約8月27日電 美國《空間日報》網站近日報道,為使空軍最新式F-22「猛禽」戰鬥機具有「超凡性能」,美國武器專家和維護人員花費了大量心血,透過各種演習,不斷拓展F-22「猛禽」戰鬥機的新性能。

    今年6月,美國空軍第27戰鬥機中隊的12架「猛禽」戰鬥機從弗吉尼亞州的蘭利空軍基地起飛,前往阿拉斯加州的埃爾門多夫空軍基地,完成了它們迄今為止航程最遠的飛行。

    在阿拉斯加州進行的「北方利刃2006」軍事演習檢驗了新武器系統與當前作戰工具協同工作的能力。對於「猛禽」的機組人員來說,「北方利刃」使他們能夠將最新的航空電子技術、隱形技術和超音速巡航能力結合起來,而這些僅僅是第27戰鬥機中隊所具備的優勢的一部分。這些優勢使得他們可以展示高超的對空、對地作戰能力。

    最近幾個月,第94戰鬥機中隊在猶他州和佛羅里達州創造了武器系統方面的歷史。在猶他州,以1.5馬赫速度飛行的「猛禽」戰鬥機在5萬英尺(約1.5萬米)高空投下了一枚聯合直接攻擊彈藥。

    第94戰鬥機中隊負責軍事行動的邁克爾·赫普夫納中校說:「在那之前,投入使用的F-22戰鬥機從未在超音速飛行的狀態下投擲過聯合直接攻擊彈藥。其他任何飛機都不可能在5萬英尺高空、1.5馬赫的速度時投擲聯合直接攻擊彈藥。」

    在佛羅里達州的廷德爾空軍基地,第94戰鬥機中隊因創造了這種新式戰鬥機的一系列「第一」而聲名顯赫。蘭利空軍基地人員則對新型小直徑炸彈進行了測試,這種炸彈能將一架F-22戰鬥機擊中目標的數量提高數倍。

    第94戰鬥機中隊部署了迄今為止數量最多的18架F-22戰機。指揮官德克·史密斯中校說:「我們出動飛機400多架次,讓20名飛行員保持備戰狀態,投擲了40枚聯合直接攻擊彈藥,發射了16枚空對空導彈。」

    拉蒙·羅薩·拉莫斯上士是「猛禽」戰鬥機裝備系統專家。他說,自從去年迎來第一架「猛禽」,「我們在為F-22的令人難以置信的技術驚歎的同時,也看著它成熟起來」。




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