鐵之狂傲

標題: 《NSSN》SSN-774 弗吉尼亞級(Virginia)攻擊核潛艇 [列印本頁]

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:05
標題: 《NSSN》SSN-774 弗吉尼亞級(Virginia)攻擊核潛艇
SSN-774 Virginia-class
SSN-774 弗吉尼亞級攻擊核潛艇

NSSN New Attack Submarine Centurion
「新型攻擊型核潛艇」計劃

原文:

The Secretary of Defense in his October 1993 bottom-up review determined that production of the Seawolf class submarine would cease with the third submarine, and that the Navy should develop and build a new attack submarine as a more cost-effective follow-on to the Seawolf class, with construction beginning in fiscal year 1998 or 1999 at Electric Boat. The New Attack Submarine is the first U.S. submarine to be designed for battlespace dominance across a broad spectrum of regional and littoral missions as well as open-ocean, "blue water" missions. The program design goal is to produce a submarine flexible enough to carry out seven very different missions:

Covert Strike by launching land-attack missiles from vertical launchers and torpedo tubes;

Anti-Submarine Warfare with an advanced combat system and a flexible payload of torpedoes;

Anti-Ship Warfare, again, using the advanced combat system and torpedoes;

Battle Group Support with advanced electronic sensors and communications equipment;

Covert Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, using sensors to collect critical intelligence and locate radar sites, missile batteries and command sites as well as to monitor communications and track ship movements;

Covert Minelaying against enemy shipping; and

Special Operations, including search and rescue, reconnaissance, sabotage, diversionary attacks, and direction of fire support and strikes.

The New Attack Submarine is designed for multi-mission operations and enhanced operational flexibility. SEAWOLF (SSN-21)-Class quieting has been incorporated in a smaller hull while military performance has been maintained or improved. Compared with the Seawolf, the NSSN is slower, carries fewer weapons, and is less capable in diving depth and arctic operations. On the other hand, the NSSN is expected to be as quiet as the Seawolf, will incorporate a vertical launch system and have improved surveillance as well as special operations characteristics to enhance littoral warfare capability. While the 688-I submarines are noisier than the improved Russian Akula class, the Seawolf is quieter than Akula and the upcoming Russian SSN-P-IX class. The primary design driver for the NSSN is acoustic quietness equal to that of the Seawolf, even at the cost of reducing maximum top speed. With a focus on the littoral battlespace, the New Attack Submarine has improved magnetic stealth, sophisticated surveillance capabilities, and Special Warfare enhancements.

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:05
續:

Operating in the shallow waters of littoral areas imposes a different accoustic environment for which previous submarinen classes were optimized. As reported in ONR Ocean Science and Engineering Newsletter # 2 (Feb. 1997) it is well known that as a result of the selective frequency effect of the shallow-water sound channel, a band of frequencies exist in which the propagation is enhanced (i.e., the transmission loss is relatively small). This "optimum frequency" regime arises from the combined effect of the volume attenuation at the higher frequencies and the loss due to interaction with the sea bottom at the lower frequencies.

Because of the proximity of the boundaries in shallow water, multipath transmission and multi-angle scattering from the sea bottom are concomitant characteristics of shallow-water acoustic reverberation. Consequently, long-range reverberation in shallow water is far more complex than the deep-water case. Because of interaction with the bottom, long range sound propagation in shallow water is characterized by separation of the constituent modes as a result of the differences in modal group velocities. This results in elongated, low amplitude signals. Further, because of the non-uniform effects of the interaction--e.g., the higher-angle modes suffer greater attenuation--only several modes may be needed to characterize the sound field. Hence, mode filtering is a useful approach for investigating multipath fields in shallow water.

The spatial structure of the accoustic signal in the waveguide formed by the surface and bottom in shallwo water is significantly different from the that in the free field of deep water. Hence, due to modal interference in a waveguide, conventional beamforming techniques cannot be used. Several on mode filtering methods are possible source ranging and depth estimation in the shallow water wave guide. Signals of several modes may be separated, and after correction for arrival time and phase, these filtered normal modes may be recombined to obtain a compressed and enhanced signal.

In some shallow water regions very strong and sharp summer thermoclines exist, and are accompanied by conspicuous internal waves. Anomalous attenuation of sound between 300 Hz and 1200 Hz is associated with these conditions, with very large variations (as much as 30 dB at some frequencies) in the frequency response of the transmission loss. These abnormally large attenuation can be attributed to internal wave-induced acoustic mode coupling. In particular, the internal waves cause a transfer of energy into the higher-order modes, which, since they interact more with the lossy bottom, leads to a frequency-dependent energy loss (or attenuation) in the sound wave.

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:06

	Los Angeles	Seawolf	NSSN
Length:	360 feet (110 meters)	353 feet (108 meters)	377 ft. (115 m)
Beam:	33 feet (10 meters)	40 ft. (12.2 m)	34 ft. (10.4 m)
Submerged displacement (long tons):	6,900	9,100	7,800
Submerged speed:	25+knots	25+knots	25+knots
Depth:	800+ ft. (250 m)	800+ ft. (250 m)	800+ ft. (250 m)
Weapons
Mk 48 ADCAP torpedoes	x	x	x
Tomahawk cruise missiles	x	x	x
Mk60 Captor mines	x	x	x
Advanced mobile mines	x	x	x
Unmanned underwater vehicles	--	--	x

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:07
續:

The New Attack Submarine is engineered for maximum design flexibility, responsiveness to changing missions and threats, and affordable insertion of new technologies to ensure that it will continue to be the right submarine well into the 21st Century. Integrated electronic systems with Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components facilitate state-of-the-art technology introduction throughout the life of the class and avoid unit obsolescence. The Navy has never attempted such a large-scale integration effort on a submarine. While the BSY-1 and BSY-2 systems did have some level of integration, the NSSN combat system will have to be totally integrated. Both the BSY-1 combat system for the Improved Los Angeles-class and the BSY-2 combat system for the Seawolf-class submarines had problems that resulted in late delivery and increased costs.

The Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) electronics packages also promote maximum flexibility for growth and upgrade. Coupled with the Modular Isolated Deck Structure (MIDS) and open-system architecture, this approach results in a lower cost and effective, command and control structure for fire control, navigation, electronic warfare, and communications connectivity.

The New Attack Submarine's sonar system is state-of-the-art and has more processing power than today's entire submarine fleet combined to process and distribute data received from its spherical bow array, high-frequency array suite, dual towed arrays, and flank array suite.

The New Attack Submarine's sail configuration houses two new photonics masts for improved imaging functions, and improved electronics support measures mast, and multi-mission masts that cover the frequency domain for full-spectrum, high data-rate communications. The sail is also designed for future installation of a special mission-configurable mast for enhanced flexibility and warfighting performance.

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:07
續:

The VIRGINIA Class submarine program has been designed with long-term technological innovation in mind. The built-in flexibility of VIRGINIA, including incorporation of modular design techniques, open architecture, and COTS components, allows for technological insertion and innovation. As an example of the flexibility inherent in the design of VIRGINIA, the Navy anticipates placing an advanced sail on hulls 5-6 of the VIRGINIA Class. The new sail shape and size might well provide the required volume for advanced future payloads.

The new attack submarine is armed with a variety of weapons. It carries the most advanced heavyweight torpedoes, mines, Tomahawk cruise missiles, and Unmanned Undersea Vehicles (UUVs) for horizontal launch. In addition, Tomahawk missiles are carried in vertical launch tubes. The New Attack Submarine also features an integral Lock-Out/Lock-In chamber for special operations and can host Special Operations Forces' underwater delivery vehicles.

Reducing acquisition and life-cycle costs is a major objective of the New Attack Submarine design and engineering process. Cost avoidance is anticipated through the application of concurrent engineering design/build teams, computer-aided design and electronic visualization tools, system simplification, parts standardization, and component elimination. These innovations are intended to ensure that the ship is affordable in sufficient numbers to satisfy America's future nuclear attack submarine force level requirements.

The New Attack Submarine Program Office is applying the lessons learrned from successful government and industry programs of similar scope and complexity to improve producibility and lower costs. Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD) teams bring the combined experience of the shipbuilders, vendors, designers and engineers, and ship operators to bear on the ship design. The early involvement of production people on these teams is intended to provide a match between the design and the shipbuilder's construction processes and facilites, a smoother transition from design to production, and reduction in the number of changes during construction. The ship is designed using a state-of-the-art digital database, which allows members of the IPPD teams to work from a single design database and provides three-dimensional electronic mockups throughout the design process.

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:10
The Milestone I COEA examined twelve alternatives. The JROC reviewed and validated the key performance parameters (KPPs) for the selected new attack submarine design. The Milestone I DAB approved NSSN to enter Phase I in August 1994. The Milestone II DAB approved NSSN to enter the Demonstration and Validation Phase on June 30, 1995.

A number of systems that will be part of NSSN underwent testing in FY97. TB-29 towed array and the ADCAP Torpedo Block Upgrade III completed OPEVAL in September 1997. The Submarine Advanced Tomahawk Weapons Control System (Sub-ATWCS), Ring-laser Gyro Navigator and Doppler Sonar Velocity Log underwent operational testing as well. A scale model of the propulsor was tested. When USS SEAWOLF went to sea, the following equipment common or similar to NSSN were observed; propulsor, wide aperture array (WAA), impressed current cathodic protection system, and active shaft grounding system.

潛艇歷年來異動圖表：

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:11
續：

The Electric Boat Corporation of Connecticut is the lead design authority for the New Attack Submarine [NAS]. The build of the first submarine is scheduled to start at the company's Groton Shipyard in 1998, and funding has been allocated for the second and third submarines.

The 1993 Bottom Up Review decided not to consolidate all carrier and submarine construction in one shipyard due to concerns "about the resulting loss of competition as well as other long-term defense industrial base and national security implications that would result from having only one provider for two key classes of naval vessels..." The BUR directed construction of CVN 76 at Newport News Shipbuilding and the New Attack Submarine at Groton. The Navy's original plan approved in May 1995 was to build one ship in fiscal year 1998, a second ship in fiscal year 2000, and two ships per year beginning in fiscal year 2002--all at Electric Boat Corporation, Groton, Connecticut.

However, after the CVN 76 construction contract was awarded in FY 95, Congress questioned the BUR policy concerning New Attack Submarine. Congress rejected the Navy's plan, directing that the NAS would not be a serially-produced new class of nuclear attack submarines and further directing that Newport News Shipbuilding would participate in the future construction of such submarines. Public Law 104-106 directed the Navy to start construction of an NSSN at Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company (Newport News) in 1999 and submit a plan for building four NSSNs between fiscal year 1998 and 2001, two of which were to be built by Electric Boat (one in 1998 and one in 2000) and two by Newport News (one in 1999 and one in 2001). According to the Navy, this change increased the estimated cost of developing and building 30 NSSNs by $3 billion. The Congressional plan stated that the best designs from each shipyard would form the basis for serial production of the first of a new class of next-generation submarines beginning in 2003 (amended to 2002 by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (Public Law 104-201)).

In December 1996, Electric Boat and Newport News Shipbuilding proposed to construct New Attack Submarines as a team, rather than as competitors. This wase consistent with the Congressional direction to involve both nuclear submarine shipbuilders; to foster cooperation between the shipbuilders on both construction and design improvements; and to facilitate the cross pollination of knowledge and the insertion of advanced technology. Both shipbuilders would use Electric Boat's digital design database to construct New Attack Submarines and each shipbuilder would specialize in certain assemblies, thereby approaching single learning curve efficiencies. Both would initially deliver alternating ships with Electric Boat delivering the lead fiscal year 1998 submarine.

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:12
潛艇內部構造示意圖：

The fiscal year 1997 budget requested $296 million for the design and component construction of the first New Attack Submarine in fiscal year 1998. As allowed by the fiscal year 1996 Department of Defense Authorization Act, the funding required to finance construction of the fiscal years 1999 and 2001 submarines, which would include $504 million in fiscal year 1997, was not included in the President's FY97 Budget request. The Navy's budget request for fiscal year 1998 was premised upon having the two shipyards team to produce not only the first four NASs, beginning construction in fiscal years 1998, 1999, 2001 and 2002 respectively, but all NASs thereafter.

The FY 1999 budget request included $1.5 billion for the construction of the second of four New Attack Submarines plus $0.5B for advance procurement for the third ship, that are part of the unique single contract and construction teaming plan approved by Congress in 1997.

The January 1997 Operational Assessment [OA] report indicated high risk existed in several programmatic areas, since formal plans or funding didn急 exist for the external communications system, the towed array, mines or ASUW missiles. As a result of DoD funding shortfalls, NSSN and supporting programs faced significant down-scoping which could reduce the effectiveness of the submarine. Technical risks were found in high data rate antennas and in other areas addressed in the classified version of this report. DOT&E concured with the OA report. Since then, funding has been obtained and a program started for an improved towed array. The Navy has identified and funded a number of technological improvements for insertion into different NSSN hulls as the improvements become available, and is studying others, which will be implemented if funding becomes available. In October 1997, DIA released a new STAR. The impact of this on NSSN performance margin will require additional assessment.

In 1997 GAO found that the NSSN program is not likely to meet the objective of producing a submarine that is significantly less costly than the Seawolf. Based on Navy estimates for a 30-ship, single shipbuilder program, the Seawolf's average acquisition cost was estimated to be about $1.85 billion compared to the NSSN's estimate of about $1.5 billion, and based on a 30-ship, two shipbuilder program, the Navy's current estimated acquisition cost for the fifth ship of the NSSN class had risen from about $1.5 billion to about $1.8 billion as of March 1996.

The existing DOD guidance calls for a force of 50 attack submarines, although some studies have called for raising the number of subs to as many as 72. Existing plans are sufficient to meet the goal of 50 boats, although higher numbers would require modification to these plans. According to Navy secretary Richard Danzig, as of October 1999 the Joint Chiefs of Staff were studying options for increasing the size and capability of the submarine force. The three options under review include by converting older Ohio-class SSBN submarines to so-called SSGNs at a cost of $420 million; refueling and extending by 12 years the service life of perhaps eight Los Angeles-class (SSN 688) subs at a cost per copy of $200 million; or building new Virginia-class (SSN 774) subs at a rate of at least four over the next five years, at a cost of roughly $2 billion per boat. The FY2000 Defense Authorization bill requires the Navy to study converting four of the oldest Tridents to the new SSGN configuration.

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:13
潛艇內部構造示意圖：

The JCS Submarine Force Structure Study, completed in November 1999, concluded that the optimal force structure would be 68 attack submarines by 2015 and 76 by 2025, with the minimum being at least 55 by 2015 and 62 by 2025. The report called for at least 18 Virginia-class submarines by 2015. The current Navy acquisition plan calls for ordering one per year through 2006, and two a year after that. The proposal in the Force Structure Study calls for the Navy to go to two a year in 2004, two years early, and to buy three in 2008. To meet the goal for 18 Virginia class boats by 2015 and to meet the minimum goal of 62 boats by 2025 would require construction of roughly three subs a year. This would require an additional $4 billion a year for perhaps 14 years -- $56 billion more than the currently planned construction rate.

As of mid-2000 the acquisition and construction strategies for the procurement of the first four Virginia -class submarines appeared to be yielding positive results to date. However, the two shipbuilders had not yet completed the critical test of joining sections constructed in two separate shipbuilder facilities. In addition, the subsystems being developed by a number of subcontractors required continued oversight regarding cost and schedule excursions.

The Senate Armed Services committee recommended in July 2000 a provision that would authorize the Secretary of the Navy to enter into a contract for up to a total of five Virginia -class submarines between fiscal year 2003 and fiscal year 2006. The provision would authorize the Secretary to continue the shipbuilder teaming arrangement authorized in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998 (Public Law 105 85). The Committedd required the Secretary of Defense to submit a report to the congressional defense committees with submission of the fiscal year 2002 President's budget to include a plan for maintaining at least 55 attack submarines through 2015, and a plan for achieving a force of 18 Virginia -class submarines by 2015; and assessments of savings to the program of production rates of two submarines per year, if that rate were to begin in fiscal year 2004 and construction were to continue at that rate in fiscal year 2006 and thereafter.

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:13

Specifications（數據）
Contractors	General Dynamics Electric Boat Division [lead design authority] Newport News Shipbuilding Lockheed Martin Federal Systems (Combat System) Raytheon Electronics Systems (Combat System)
Power Plant	One S9G pressurized water reactor ??,000 shp, one shaft with pumpjet propulsor Improved Performance Machinery Program Phase III one secondary propulsion submerged motor
Displacement	7,800 tons submerged
Length	377 feet
Draft	32 feet
Beam	34 feet
Speed	25+ knots submerged
Depth	Greater than 800 feet
Horizontal Tubes	Four 21" Torpedo Tubes
Vertical Tubes	12 Vertical Launch System Tubes
Weapons	38 weapons, including: Vertical Launch System Tomahawk Cruise Missiles Mk 48 ADCAP Heavyweight Torpedoes Advanced Mobile Mines Unmanned Undersea Vehicles
Special Warfare	Dry Deck Shelter Advanced SEAL Delivery System
Sonars	Spherical active/passive arrays Light Weight Wide Aperture Arrays TB-16, TB-29, and future towed arrays High-frequency chin and sail arrays
Countermeasures	1 internal launcher (reloadable 2-barrel) 14 external launchers
Crew	113 officers and men
Total Program	30 systems Total program cost (TY$) $67034M Average unit cost (TY$) $2110M
Status	Full-rate production 1QFY07

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:15

Ships（同級潛艇）[tr]Name　Number　Builder　Homeport　Ordered　Commissioned　Stricken[/tr]
Virginia	SSN-774	Electric Boat	Jun 1998	Jun 2004
Texas	SSN-775	Newport News	Jun 1998	Jun 2005
Hawaii	SSN-776	Electric Boat	Jun 1998	Jan 2007
	SSN-777	Newport News	Jun 1998	Jun 2008
	SSN-778		2004	2010
	SSN-779		2004	2010
	SSN-780		2005	2011
	SSN-781		2005	2011
	SSN-782		2006	2012
	SSN-783		2006	2012
	SSN-784		2007	2013
	SSN-785		2007	2013
	SSN-786		2008	2014
	SSN-787		2008	2014
	SSN-788		2009	2015
	SSN-789		2009	2015
	SSN-790		2010	2016
	SSN-791		2010	2016
	SSN-792		2011	2017
	SSN-793		2011	2017
	SSN-794		2011	2017
	SSN-795		2012	2018
	SSN-796		2012	2018
	SSN-797		2012	2018
	SSN-798		2013	2019
	SSN-799		2013	2019
	SSN-800		2013	2019
	SSN-801		2014	2020
	SSN-802		2014	2020
	SSN-803		2014	2020

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:17
SSN-774 Virginia 電腦繪圖與艦載裝置示意圖:

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:18
部份電腦模擬圖：

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:19
武器簡敘：

造價約22億美元的“弗吉尼亞”級核潛艇是美軍第一種專門為應付冷戰後威脅研制的潛艇，具有強大的反潛、反艦、遠程偵察、執行特種作戰以及用新型“戰斧”巡航導彈精確打擊陸上目標的能力。與主要用於在深海大洋等待與敵方戰艦決斗的“前輩”們相比，採用自動導航控制設備的“弗吉尼亞”級核潛艇的近海作戰能力尤其突出。

　　“弗吉尼亞”號攻擊核潛艇長377英尺，水下排水量7800噸，潛深超過800英尺，水下航速25節，在其全壽期內無需補充核燃料，艇上官兵132人。“弗吉尼亞”級潛艇上共有12個導彈垂直發射系統。艇上魚雷發射管可發射Mk48 ADCAP重型魚雷以及“魚叉”反艦導彈。“弗吉尼亞”級潛艇內的特種作戰艙還可容納一艘供數十名特種部隊使用的微型潛艇。光纖傳感器取代老式潛望鏡將周邊環境圖像傳送到指揮艙的電腦屏幕上。因此指揮艙可以從潛望鏡下方位置移到下層甲板更加寬敞的地方。

　　“弗吉尼亞”級潛艇將逐步取代已在美軍服役多年的“洛杉磯”級攻擊型核潛艇。除首制艇“弗吉尼亞”號已經完工外，已經開工建造3艘同級潛艇分別為“得克薩斯”號、“夏威夷”號和“北卡羅來納”號。美軍計劃總共建造30艘“弗吉尼亞”級潛艇。美潛艇部隊官員稱，在具備執行部署任務能力之前，“弗吉尼亞”號尚需一年左右時間進行艦員訓練等活動。

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:21
武器專題：

弗吉尼亞級攻擊核潛艇

研製國家：美國
名稱型號：「弗吉尼亞」級（Virginia Class）
研製單位：美國通用動力公司電船部和紐波特紐斯造船廠等
造價：平均每艘22億美元
現狀：計劃建造10艘，服役兩艘

一、概述

由於世界局勢與美國海軍作戰需求的轉變以及自身昂貴的造價，美國海軍在冷戰結束前進行的最後一個攻擊核潛艇計劃「海狼」級的量產計劃在1992年遭到取消，僅前三艘付諸建造。

1991年起美國海軍開始籌劃另一種排水量、價格均比海狼級低的新一代攻擊核潛艇，作為「海狼」級取消後的替代方案。最初此計劃被稱為「百人隊長」級(Centurion Class)攻擊核潛艇，美國海軍希望其成本能壓低至海狼級的2/3。爾後此計劃的產物就是「弗吉尼亞」級攻擊核潛艇，未來將是「洛杉磯」級的後繼者。

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:22
1．研發背景

在冷戰時期，美國海軍攻擊型核潛艇的基本使命是在大洋深處與蘇聯的核潛艇進行對抗，或者是在全球範圍內對蘇聯核潛艇，特別是對蘇聯的彈道導彈核潛艇進行長期的跟蹤與監視。

因此，在那一段歷史時期內，美國海軍攻擊型核潛艇的基本設計思想是把具有水下高速、大深度下潛能力以及安靜性作為攻擊型核潛艇最重要的性能指標。美國海軍的「洛杉磯」級以及「海狼」攻擊型核潛艇是體現美國海軍冷戰時期攻擊型核潛艇設計思想的典型。

隨著冷戰對峙局面的消失，美國海軍的攻擊型核潛艇失去了昔日在大洋深處的蘇聯核潛艇對手，因此其主要使命也隨之發生了變化。在新的形勢下，美國海軍賦予攻擊型核潛艇的主要使命是處理地域性戰爭、利用潛射導彈對陸地目標實施攻擊、在沿海從事反潛作戰、對特種部隊進行支持以及擔任航母作戰編隊的直接支持等。

因此，冷戰結束之後美國海軍攻擊型核潛艇的設計思想是以多功能、多用途為主。冷戰之後的新型攻擊型核潛艇除了保留冷戰時期原有的安靜性之外，將不再把水下高速和大深度下潛能力作為孜孜追求的基本目標。

同時，當美國海軍開始實行「由海向陸，前沿部署」的戰略時，SSN-21「海狼」級在新形勢下顯得過於龐大、奢侈了。因此海軍希望研製一型比「海狼」級潛艇排水量小，既經濟，性能又好，用途廣泛，可以在近海海區作戰的多用途攻擊型核潛艇，以便在下個世紀替換將要退役的「洛杉磯」級潛艇。

在這種情況下，美國海軍開始迅速地修正冷戰時期制定的「百人隊長」級核潛艇的性能指標。1992年1月，有關當局與美國海軍艦隊和潛艇指揮官們進行協商之後，認為「百人隊長」級攻擊型核潛艇不應該再作為「海狼」級核潛艇的後續艇或者替代艇，而應該成為適應冷戰結束之後新環境要求的攻擊型核潛艇。

並因此對其展開一系列的需求指標修改，在此基礎上推出了「新型攻擊型核潛艇」計劃(New Attack Submarine Centurion，NSSN)。

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:23
2．研發歷程

「新型攻擊型核潛艇」設計體現了最佳效費比原則，是一種高性能、低價位的潛艇，它能夠對付來自敵方的各種威脅，既能實施傳統的遠洋反潛、反艦作戰，又可以用於淺水作戰環境中的多種作戰行動，包括攻擊式/防禦式佈雷、掃雷、特種部隊投送/回撤（美國先進蛙人輸送系統規劃）、支援航母作戰編隊、情報收集與監視、對陸攻擊等。

1991年，美海軍開始SSN774核潛艇的論證和設計工作，1996年，美國海軍簽下首批六艘該型核潛艇的建造合約，由通用動力公司電船部研製，研製費7.45億美元，堪稱是美國海軍史上最大的一筆單批潛艇生產合約，它將跨年度的建造工作一次簽訂並批次購買，通用動力公司電船部能一次購足同一批潛艇所需的所有船材料件，相較於傳統的方式可節省10美元的經費。

美國海軍將分三批訂購30艘（後來又減少到10艘），第一批9艘(SSN-774~782)，第二批10艘(SSN-783~792)，第三批11艘(SSN-793~803)。

美國海軍希望新型核潛艇以最先進的科技，最少的建造數量來達到原有「洛杉磯」級潛艇群相同的任務能力。和另類的「海狼」級相比，新型潛艇的編號又回到了正常軌道，接在「洛杉磯」級後面，命名則改採以往彈道導彈潛艇使用的州名「弗吉尼亞」級。就此，美國新一代攻擊核潛艇「弗吉尼亞」級總算是「千呼萬喚始出來」。

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:24
二、性能指標：

水下排水量為7700噸，主尺度為114.9米長，10.4寬，吃水9.3米深，下潛深度為244米。艇上裝備的一座S9G型壓水堆可保證該級核潛艇達到水下28節的最高航速，而且其核燃料可使用30年、整個壽命週期都無須更換燃料棒。

三、結構特點

「弗吉尼亞」級的艦身較「海狼」級小，直徑與「洛杉磯」級相若。相較於冷戰思維的「海狼級」是在大洋中有效壓制、獵殺蘇聯任何核潛艇以奪得水下制海權，「弗吉尼亞」級則把焦點放在20世紀90年代以來層出不窮的地區性衝突上，故十分強調多重任務的彈性，包括近岸作戰能力、對地攻擊能力、特種作戰與情報搜集(除了施放特戰部隊上岸偵察之外，潛艇本身在敵方海域搜集電子情報的能力也極為重要)等等。

而在近岸環境可能遇到的狀況──複雜的水文與海底情況、嚴重的水下背景雜音干擾、敵方布放水雷甚至是面對新一代俄制傳統動力潛艇等等，都與美國海軍以往所熟悉的大洋反潛作戰有極大差異。因此美國海軍在「弗吉尼亞」級的設計中加入許多以往美國潛艇所無的元素，例如能在噪聲嚴重的淺海有效操作的聲納系統(特別是高頻主動聲納)、水雷偵測/反制裝備以及多種無人遙控載具的操作能力等等，此外還有完善的特戰部隊相關設施，這些都將對現行美國海軍的潛艇運用方式造成巨大的衝擊與改變。

「弗吉尼亞」級仍沿用圓柱形淚滴流線艦體，尺寸雖較類似洛杉磯級，但是由於沿用許多「海狼」級的研發成果，諸多外型特徵如前方具有彎角造型的帆罩、艦首伸縮水平翼、兩側各三個寬孔徑被動數組聲納(WAA)的聽音數組、六片式尾翼以及尾端水噴射推進器等，都與海狼級一模一樣，因此從外觀看起來彷彿是「海狼」級的縮小版。

「弗吉尼亞」級的武器籌載量、航速以及潛航深度都不如「海狼」級，但是靜音能力將維持「海狼」級的超高水平。該級艇擁有各項與「海狼」級相同的最新的靜音科技，例如精心設計的輪機/管路設置、艦體外部的消音瓦、降低水流噪訊的艦體外型設計、主機的彈性減震基座以及噴水推進器等等；全艦各處總共設有600個噪音/震動偵測器(海狼級只有26個)，隨時監控艦上各處的震動情況情況，發現異常便立刻處理，將整體噪音降到最低；此外，為了降低引爆感應水雷的機率，本級艦也將使用消磁科技。

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:24
由於設計較晚，「弗吉尼亞」級得以採用比「海狼」級更先進的科技與裝備。本級艦擁有Chin高頻主動聲納系統，包括兩具分別位於艦首下方與帆罩上的高頻主動聲納，可精確測繪海底與雷區，大幅加強了近岸操作與反水雷能力，這是以往美國潛艇所不具備的。「弗吉尼亞」級擁有先進的桅桿群，包括內含GPS的電子桅桿、可高速自衛星傳送對地武器所需目標數據的高數據交換率桅桿、無線電收發桅桿以及可調整任務的AN/BVS-1光電搜索/攻擊潛望鏡組等。

AN/BVS-1光電潛望鏡由美國潛望鏡大廠──柯爾摩(Kollmorge)研發，整合有低光度電視攝影機(low light TV，LLTV)、紅外線熱影像儀與雷射標定器，不僅功能遠比傳統光學潛望鏡強大，其影像直接以光纖傳至控制中心的平面顯示器上，不再需要傳統潛望鏡底下的目視鏡，因此控制中心改在第二層甲板，不必如以往需設在帆罩下方。AN/BVS-1的桅桿部分為柯爾摩根與其意大利次承包商──Calzoni合作生產的通用模塊化桅桿群(Universal Modular Mast)。

艦橋內有大量大型先進平面顯示器以及大型開放配置圖，提供指揮官充分訊息並幫助其判斷與決策，艦上也以先進的觸控式操控顯示螢作為主要操作接口。此外，該級艇的Eavesdropper收發系統可偵測數海里外連衛星也無法截獲的訊號，可用來進行衛星通訊或武器控制。以上這些系統賦予「弗吉尼亞」級極強的電子訊號/情報收集能力。「弗吉尼亞」級的C3I系統由洛克希德·馬丁公司海洋電子部(Lockheed Martin Naval Electronics)與NE&SS水下系統公司主導研發，將採用數字化的航行操控系統，舵手透過類似電動玩具的雙桿/四按鈕遊戲桿系統來控制潛艇的航行運動。

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:25
此外，「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇的艇體採用了計算機技術支持的模塊化設計，各分艙可按照具有不同功能的艙段模塊分別建造。該級核潛艇的主機艙採用浮筏減震的整體模塊設計，大幅度降低了艇上噪音。

另外，「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇推進設備使用的動力電纜和閥門、斷路器、泵等，其數量僅分別為「洛杉磯」級攻擊型核潛艇的50％、40％和30％左右。而且，由於採用了由計算機技術支持的模塊化設計技術，因此在21世紀，美國海軍可以根據環境的需要和未來新技術的發展情況，利用先進的模塊化技術，在「弗吉尼亞」級新艇建造的過程中或者利用「弗吉尼亞」級在役艇大修的機會可以迅速、便捷地更換具有不同功能的艙段模塊，使「弗吉尼亞」級攻擊型核潛艇在標準型的基礎上衍生出不同種類的或者具有不同專項用途的核潛艇。

譬如，在標準型「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇的魚雷艙段中，魚雷發射管的後面是備用魚雷臺架，如果對這一部分的艙段模塊稍做改動，即可在備用魚雷臺架的位置上加設一個可容納40名特種部隊人員及其裝備的居住艙。這時，「弗吉尼亞」級攻擊型核潛艇便輕易地被改為一艘輸送特種部隊人員的專用核潛艇。

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:26
「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇的指揮台圍殼為裝有非穿透型潛望鏡、8根天線和桅桿接口的獨立模塊結構。如果將來需要使「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇以搜集情報或者偵察為主的話，可適當改變指揮台圍殼內的天線和桅桿接口內容，使其更加靈活、機動和高效地執行偵察和情報搜集等方面的任務。

早在「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇處於方案論證階段時，美國海軍便已經在論證利用模塊化技術把「弗吉尼亞」級攻擊型核潛艇迅速改為彈道導彈核潛艇的可行性。從目前「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇的設計情況來看，利用功能性艙段模塊完全可以做到這一點。美國海軍曾經打算在21世紀「俄亥俄」級彈道導彈核潛艇逐漸退役的時候，利用模塊化技術，以標準型的「弗吉尼亞」級攻擊型核潛艇為基礎，將其改換成彈道導彈核潛艇，以便對美國海軍彈道導彈核潛艇的數量加以補充。與重新設計和建造新型的彈道導彈核潛艇相比，採用增加功能艙段模塊使「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇成為彈道導彈核潛艇的方法，不僅可以大量節約研製費用，而且還可縮短新型彈道導彈核潛艇的建造週期。

從「弗吉尼亞」級攻擊型核潛艇的內部設計來說，該級核潛艇首端的聲納系統、指揮控制艙中的作戰指揮系統以及武器裝備等艇上的重要裝置和設備均採用了功能模塊的設計原理。

隨著時代和技術的發展，這些艇上的重要設備全部可以利用換裝模塊的方式及時地裝設最新的功能模塊，使該級核潛艇可以最大程度地發揮出它所具有的潛能，並且永遠保持與時代高新技術處於同步狀態的先進性能。

從這個意義上來說，「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇在21世紀既是具有多用途的攻擊型核潛艇，又是在戰略威懾力量和多種專項用途方面具有很大潛力的水下作戰平台。客觀地說，21世紀美國海軍水下戰場的主力應該是非「弗吉尼亞」莫屬，這也正是該級核潛艇尚處於設計階段便引起各國海軍格外矚目的原因。

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:27
四、武器控制與電子系統：

1．武器裝備

「弗吉尼亞」級攻擊型核潛艇上裝備有12個「戰斧」巡航導彈的垂直發射筒，可發射射程為2500千米的攻擊陸地目標型的「戰斧」巡航導彈，能夠對陸地縱深目標實施打擊。未來弗吉尼亞級將會加裝目前研發中的先進對地攻擊導彈(ALAM)。另外，「弗吉尼亞」級攻擊型核潛艇上還裝備了4具533毫米魚雷發射管。與「海狼」級相同，該級艇的魚雷管也具有(ATP)渦輪氣壓系統，免除了發射前需要注水而會產生噪音的老問題。這4具魚雷發射管除了可以發射MK48型魚雷、「魚叉」反艦導彈以及布放水雷之外，還可以發射、回收水下無人駕駛遙控裝置。

這種水下無人駕駛遙控裝置上裝備有聲學和非聲學傳感器、無線電和視頻信號傳感器、目標識別和分類裝置等，它可以在遠離「弗吉尼亞」核潛艇的海域完成警戒、偵察以及反潛戰等方面的任務，大幅度地增強「弗吉尼亞」級攻擊型核潛艇的水下探測和偵察能力。此外，利用「弗吉尼亞」級攻擊型核潛艇上的533毫米魚雷發射管還能發射可以遙控的無人空中飛行器。無人空中飛行器可以完成對陸地目標的偵察，並可把偵察結果實時傳輸給「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇，保證「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇能夠對陸上目標實施精確打擊。

為了支持特種作戰任務，「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇上專門裝設了一個可以放出和回收的特種人員運載器以及與其對接的艇上接口。特種人員運載器可容納9名特種作戰人員和為執行特種任務所需要的各種裝備。「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇把特種人員運載器在水下秘密遣送出去之後，特種作戰人員可執行救援、搜索、破襲、情報收集以及引導空中打擊等任務，完成上述任務之後，特種作戰人員可以利用運載器隱蔽地返回「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇。

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:28
2．電子設備

作戰系統方面，弗吉尼亞級使用雷聲公司(Raytheon)新開發的AN/BSY-3戰鬥系統，具有最高的整合程度(將艦上所有偵測、通訊與作戰裝備都整合在一起)，以提高作戰效率並節省人力。此系統的架構與CCS MK-2類似，採用開放式系統架構(Open System Architecture，OSA)，大量使用民間組件，並使用本身就有數據處理能力的Q-70彩色顯示控制台。

由於科技的進步，加上運用先前BSY-2的開發與使用經驗，新戰鬥系統的數據處理能力號稱達到BSY-2的七倍，但成本卻只有BSY-2的1/6。「弗吉尼亞」級擁有新開發的AN/BQQ-10整合式聲納系統，包含艦首大型球形主/被動數組聲納、chin高頻主動聲納與WAA寬孔徑側面被動數組聲納，以及TB-16與洛克　希德馬丁公司的TB-29A拖曳數組聲納各一。「弗吉尼亞」級的電子戰系統則包括與海狼級相同的AN/WLY-1水下警告/反制系統和AN/BLQ-10電子支持系統。

另外，由於敵方在沿海布設水雷阻擋美國艦隊的可能性極高，新一代的美國主戰艦艇本身都要具備足夠的水雷偵測與反制能力，使其不必勞駕專業水雷反制艦艇就能在第一時間內迅速排除此一障礙，而「弗吉尼亞」級潛艇也不例外，將配備波音開發的新型「長期水雷偵測系統」(Long-term Mine Reconnaissance System，LMRS)，包括兩具長度6m的無人水下載具(Unmanned Underwater Vehicles，UUV)、一具擁有18m長機械臂的水雷回收/爆破遙控機械人以及相關支持的裝備，可由艦上的魚雷管施放與回收。此系統於2004年啟用，未來將裝置於美國海軍各型攻擊潛艇上。

作者: 克里斯Chris 時間: 07-10-12 19:29
五、發展演變

具備眾多先進科技的「弗吉尼亞」級攻擊核潛艇將取代「洛杉磯」級，成為二十一世紀初美國海軍攻擊核潛艇部隊的主力，而「海狼」級在未來也很可能在性能提升時，將性能水平提升至與「弗吉尼亞」級相當。

首艇「弗吉尼亞」號(USS Virginia SSN-774)於1999年1月開工，於2002年完成壓力殼的建造，2003年8月16日下水，在2004年10月成軍；第二艘「得克薩斯」號(USS Texas SSN-775)則於1999年3月開工，2002年7月安放龍骨，2004年5月26日下水，2005年6月成軍；第三艘「夏威夷」號(USS Hawaii SSN-776)於2001年開工，預計於2007年1月服役；第四艘「北卡羅來納」號(USS North Carolina SSN-777)則預計在2005年下水，2008年6月服役；而第五艘「新漢普郡」號(USS New Hampshire SSN-778)與第六艘「新墨西哥」號(USS New Mexico SSN-779)則預計在2010年服役。

然而，2003年伊拉克戰爭後，駐伊美軍費用連續攀升，迫使美軍不得不在2004年底採取近乎是「挖肉補瘡」的應急方案，將刪減預算的刀口對準DD (X)驅逐艦、「弗吉尼亞」級核潛艇、F/A-22戰鬥機等下一代武器，於是弗吉尼亞級原先的30艘數量繼續大幅下滑，最終很可能只建造10艘。在2004年12月，美國國防部取消了三艘「弗吉尼亞」級的建造預算，原先該級艇每年開工建造兩艘的步調從2009年起將減緩至每年一艘，最後在2012年停產，代之以更新、更便宜的潛艇設計。

（完）

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