鐵之狂傲

標題: 『每日軍事武器鑑賞』－ F/A-18黃蜂式戰鬥攻擊機 [列印本頁]
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:07
標題: 『每日軍事武器鑑賞』－ F/A-18黃蜂式戰鬥攻擊機
F/A-18 Hornet

The F/A-18 "Hornet" is a single- and two-seat, twin engine, multi-mission fighter/attack aircraft that can operate from either aircraft carriers or land bases. The F/A-18 fills a variety of roles: air superiority, fighter escort, suppression of enemy air defenses, reconnaissance, forward air control, close and deep air support, and day and night strike missions. The F/A-18 Hornet replaced the F-4 Phantom II fighter and A-7 Corsair II light attack jet, and also replaced the A-6 Intruder as these aircraft were retired during the 1990s.
The F/A-18 has a digital control-by-wire flight control system which provides excellent handling qualities, and allows pilots to learn to fly the airplane with relative ease. At the same time, this system provides exceptional maneuverability and allows the pilot to concentrate on operating the weapons system. A solid thrust-to-weight ratio and superior turn characteristics combined with energy sustainability, enable the F/A-18 to hold its own against any adversary. The power to maintain evasive action is what many pilots consider the Hornet's finest trait. In addition, the F/A-18 was also the Navy's first tactical jet aircraft to incorporate a digital, MUX bus architecture for the entire system's avionics suite. The benefit of this design feature is that the F/A-18 has been relatively easy to upgrade on a regular, affordable basis.

The F/A-18 has proven to be an ideal component of the carrier based tactical aviation equation over its 15 years of operational experience. The only F/A-18 characteristic found to be marginally adequate by battle group commanders, outside experts, and even the men who fly the Hornet, is its range when flown on certain strike mission profiles. However, the inadequacy is managed well with organic and joint tanking assets.

F/A-18A/B Hornet

While the general configuration of the YF-17 was retained, the F-18 became a completely new airplane. To meet the single-place fighter and attack mission capability, full use was made of new technology in digital computers. Coupled with cathode ray tubes for cockpit displays and appropriate controls based on thorough pilot evaluations in simulators, a single airplane and subsystems configuration for both missions was evolved

During development, two-place trainer versions were added, to be built in limited numbers as TF/A-18s, intermingled with the basic F/As. Minimum changes were made to incorporate the second cockpit, with the two-seat airplanes retaining the ability to perform combat missions.

Making the first flight in November 1978, the F/A-18 and its two-place derivative [subsequently redesignated the F/A-18B] underwent most of their development testing at the Naval Air Test Center under the new single-site testing concept. While much attention was focused on development problems, these were largely typical of those in any new program, with their resolution being part of the development process. For the most part, these occurred in the basic aircraft hardware rather than in the digital electronic systems.
The original F/A-18A (single seat) and F/A-18B (dual seat) became operational in 1983 replacing Navy and Marine Corps F-4s and A-7s. It quickly became the battle group commander's mainstay because of its capability, versatility and availability. Reliability and ease of maintenance were emphasized in its design, and F/A-18s have consistently flown three times more hours without failure than other Navy tactical aircraft, while requiring half the maintenance time.

The Hornet has been battle tested and has proved itself to be exactly what its designers intended: a highly reliable and versatile strike fighter. The F/A-18 played an important role in the 1986 strikes against Libya. Flying from USS CORAL SEA (CV 43), F/A-18s launched high-speed anti-radiation missiles (HARMs) against Libyan air defense radars and missile sites, effectively silencing them during the attacks on Benghazi facilities.
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:07
F/A-18C/D Hornet

Following a successful run of more than 400 A and B models, the US Navy began taking fleet deliveries of improved F/A-18C (single seat) and F/A-18D (dual seat) models in September 1987. These Hornets carry the Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) and the infrared imaging Maverick air-to-ground missile. Two years later, the C/D models came with improved night attack capabilities. The new components included a navigation forward looking infrared (NAVFLIR) pod, a raster head-up display, night vision goggles, special cockpit lighting compatible with the night vision devices, a digital color moving map and an independent multipurpose color display.

F/A-18Cs have synthetic aperture ground mapping radar with a doppler beam sharpening mode to generate ground maps. This ground mapping capability that permits crews to locate and attack targets in adverse weather and poor visibility or to precisely update the aircraft's location relative to targets during the approach, a capability that improves bombing accuracy. New production F/A-18Cs received the APG-73 radar upgrade radars starting in 1994, providing more precise and clear radar displays.  

The F/A-18C Nigh Attack Hornet has a pod-mounted Hughes AN/AAR-50 thermal imaging navigation set, a Loral AN/AAS-38 Nite Hawk FLIR targeting pod, and GEC Cat's Eyes pilot's night vision goggles. Some 48 F/A-18D two-seat Hornets are configured as the F/A-18D (RC) reconnaissance version, with the M61A1 cannon replaced by a pallet-mounted electro-optical suite comprising a blister-mounted IR linescan and two roll-stabilized sensor units, with all of these units recording onto video tape.

On the first day of Operation Desert Storm, two F/A-18s, each carrying four 2,000 lb. bombs, shot down two Iraqi MiGs and then proceeded to deliver their bombs on target. Throughout the Gulf War, squadrons of U.S. Navy, Marine and Canadian F/A-18s operated around the clock, setting records daily in reliability, survivability and ton-miles of ordnance delivered.


The Navy announced 18 May 1998 that its East Coast F/A-18 squadrons will relocate to Naval Air Station Oceana in Virginia Beach VA and Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort in Beaufort, SC. The jets will move from Naval Air Station Cecil Field in Jacksonville FL which was ordered closed by the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. Nine operational squadrons and the Fleet Replacement Squadron -- a total of 156 planes -- will move to Oceana. Two squadrons totaling 24 planes will move to Beaufort. The first squadron will move in the fall of 1998 and all 11 fleet squadrons and the Fleet Replacement Squadron completed their moves by October 1999.
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:08
Throughout its service, annual upgrades to F/A-18 weapon systems, sensors, etc. continued. The latest lot of the F/A-18C/D has grown to be far more capable (night attack, precision strike, low observable technologies, etc.) than the original F/A-18A/B; however, by 1991, it was becoming clear that avionics cooling, electrical, and space constraints would begin to limit future growth. Additionally, another operational deficiency was beginning to develop. As the F/A-18C/D empty weight increased the aircraft were returning to the carrier with less than optimal reserve fuel and/or unexpended weapons. The additional range and "bring back" is not as essential to shore based operations. F/A-18A/B/C/D aircraft will fly for years with the U.S. Marine Corps and eight international customers: Australia, Canada, Finland, Kuwait, Malaysia, Spain, Switzerland and Thailand. Although the F/A-18C/D's future growth is now limited, it will also continue to fill a critical role in the U.S. Navy's carrier battle group for many years to come and will be an excellent complement to the larger, longer range, more capable F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.

F/A-18E/F "Super Hornet"

The multi-mission F/A-18E/F "Super Hornet" strike fighter is an upgrade of the combat-proven night strike F/A-18C/D. The Super Hornet will provide the battle group commander with a platform that has range, endurance, and ordnance carriage capabilities comparable to the A-6 which have been retired. The F/A-18E/F aircraft are 4.2 feet longer than earlier Hornets, have a 25% larger wing area, and carry 33% more internal fuel which will effectively increase mission range by 41% and endurance by 50%. The Super Hornet also incorporates two additional weapon stations. This allows for increased payload flexibility by mixing and matching air-to-air and/or air-to-ground ordnance. The aircraft can also carry the complete complement of "smart" weapons, including the newest joint weapons such as JDAM and JSOW.
The Super Hornet can carry approximately 17,750 pounds (8,032 kg) of external load on eleven stations. It has an all-weather air-to-air radar and a control system for accurate delivery of conventional or guided weapons. There are two wing tip stations, four inboard wing stations for fuel tanks or air-to-ground weapons, two nacelle fuselage stations for Sparrows or sensor pods, and one centerline station for fuel or air-to-ground weapons. An internal 20 mm M61A1 Vulcan cannon is mounted in the nose.

Carrier recovery payload is increased to 9,000 pounds, and its engine thrust from 36,000 pounds to 44,000 pounds utilizing two General Electric F414 turbo-fan engines. Although the more recent F/A-18C/D aircraft have incorporated a modicum of low observables technology, the F/A-18E/F was designed from the outset to optimize this and other survivability enhancements.


The Hughes Advanced Targeting Forward-Looking Infra-Red (ATFLIR), the baseline infrared system for the F/A-18 E/F, will also be deployed on earlier model F/A-18s. The Hughes pod features both navigation and infrared targeting systems, incorporating third generation mid-wave infrared (MWIR) staring focal plane technology.

作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:08
Although 41% interdiction mission range increase may be the most notable F/A-18E/F improvement, the ability to recover aboard with optimal reserve fuel and a load of precision strike weapons, is of equal importance to the battle group commander. The growth potential of the F/A-18E/F is more important to allow flexible employment strategies in future years. If an electronically scanned array antenna or another installation-sensitive sensor or weapon system becomes available, the F/A-18E/F has the space, power and cooling to accommodate it. Although the more recent F/A-18C/D aircraft have incorporated a modicum of low observables technology, the F/A-18E/F was designed from the outset to optimize this and other survivability enhancements. The all-F/A-18C/D/E/F air wing brings an increase in capability to the carrier battle group while ensuring the potential to take advantage of technological advances for years to come.


Features of the F/A-18 E/F Super Hornet:


90% Common F/A-18C/D Avionics: Avionics and software have a 90 percent commonality with current F/A-18C/Ds. However, the F/A-18E/F cockpit features a touch-sensitive, upfront control display; a larger, liquid crystal multipurpose color display; and a new engine fuel display.

34 in. Fuselage Extension: The fuselage is slightly longer - the result of a 34-inch extension.

Two Additional Multi-Mission Weapons Stations: Super Hornet has two additional weapons stations, bringing the total to 11. For aircraft carrier operations, about three times more payload can be brought back to the ship.

25% Larger Wing: A full 25 percent bigger than its predecessor, Super Hornet has nearly half as many parts.

35% Higher Thrust Engines: Increased engine power comes from the F414-GE-400, an advanced derivative of the Hornet's current F404 engine family. The F414 produces 35 percent more thrust and improves overall mission performance. Enlarged air inlets provide increased airflow to the engines.

33% Additional Internal Fuel: Structural changes to the airframe increase internal fuel capacity by 3,600 pounds, or about 33 percent. This extends the Hornet's mission radius by up to 40 percent.

Roll-out of the first Super Hornet occurred in September 1995, and it flew for the first time in November 1995, ahead of schedule and nearly 1,000 pounds under specified weight. In January 1997, the Super Hornet successfully conducted its initial sea trials on board the Navy's newest aircraft carrier, USS JOHN C. STENNIS (CVN 74).


The Navy is planning to procure a minimum of 548 Super Hornets, and possibly as many as 1,000. These numbers could vary depending on the progress of the Joint Strike Fighter Program. As part of the Quadrennial Defence Review (QDR) production of the Super Hornet was cut from 1000 to 548 units. Production of the aircraft commenced in FY 1997, and it is expected to attain initial operational capability (IOC) in FY 2001. Twelve aircraft were funded in FY 1997; procurement numbers increase to 20 in FY 1998, 30 in FY 1999, and reach a final maximum rate of 48 per year in FY 2001.
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:10
F/A-18G "Growler"The EA-6B will begin retirement in the 2010 timeframe, after a career that exceeded 40 years of deployments in support of USN, USMC, and USAF strike forces. As of early 2000, Defense Department planning for replacing the EA-6B Prowler include a scheme under which the Navy would buy an F/A-18G "Growler" -- an F/A-18E/F modified for escort and close-in jamming. The Air Force would provide standoff jamming with modified EB-52s or EB-1s, and close-in jamming with unmanned air vehicles such as the Northrop Grumman Global Hawk or General Atomics Predator.
Specifications
ContractorBoeing [McDonnell Douglas Aerospace] and
Northrop Grumman (Airframe),
General Electric (Engines), and
Hughes (Radar)
F/A-18C/D
Hornet 		F/A-18E/F
Super Hornet
Power Plant Two F404-GE-402 afterburning engines, each in the 18,000 pound thrust class, which results in a combat thrust-to-weight ratio greater than 1-to-1. Depending on the mission and loading, combat radius is greater than 500 nautical miles. [td]Twin F414-GE-400 engines, each in the 22,000 pound thrust class. On an interdiction mission, the E/F will fly up to 40 % further than the C/D.
AccommodationsThe F/A-18C and F/A-18E are single seat aircraft. The D and F models are flown by two crew members. The aft seat in the D and F may be configured with a stick and throttle for the training environment (or without when crewed with a Weapons System Officer).
PerformanceF/A-18C maximum speed at level flight in altitudes of 36,089 ft.
Mach 1.7 		F/A-18E maximum speed at level flight in altitudes of 36,089 ft.
Mach 1.6
ArmamentF/A-18C/D can carry up to 13,700 pounds of external ordnance. Weapon stations include: two wingtip stations for Sidewinders; two outboard wing stations for air-to-air or air-to-ground weapons; two inboard wing stations for fuel tanks, air-to-air, or air-to-ground weapons; two nacelle fuselage stations for AMRAAMs, Sparrows, or sensor pods; and one centerline station for fuel or air-to-ground weapons. M61 Vulcan 6-barrel rotary cannon with 520 rounds of 20mm ammunition is internally mounted in the nose
AIM-9 Sidewinder
AIM-7F Sparrow
AIM-120 AMRAAM
AGM-65E Maverick
AGM-84 Harpoon
AGM-88A HARM
MK82
10 CBU-87
10 CBU-89
GBU-12
GBU-24
JDAM
B-57 or B-61 Nuclear bomb
F/A-18E/F can carry up to 17,750 pounds of external ordnance; two additional wing store stations have been added.
Mission and CapabilitiesThe F/A-18 Hornet can perform both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions. Cockpit displays and mission avionics are thoroughly integrated to enhance crew situational awareness and mission capability in high threat, adverse weather/night environments. Cockpits are night vision goggle compatible. Multi-Sensor Integration and advanced data link capabilities further enhance situational awareness. The E/F model will be able to perform a strike tanker mission while carrying a self-protection air-to-air missile loadout. The E/F model will also have greater payload flexibility, increased mission radius, survivability, payload bring back, and a substantial avionics growth potential.
Unit cost $FY98
[Total Program]		$39.5 million. $60 million
Program SummaryF/A-18A/B first entered operational service with the USN and USMC in 1982. Since 1982, more than 1,458 F/A-18s have been procured for the USN and USMC and for the armed services in Canada, Australia, Spain, Kuwait, Switzerland, Finland, and Malaysia. In 1987, the upgraded C/D model (with enhanced mission avionics) was introduced and upgraded with a night/adverse weather mission capability, On Board Oxygen Generating System, APG-73 Radar Upgrade, enhanced performance F404-GE-402 engines, and upgraded mission computers.
The first flight of the F/A-18E/F occurred in December 1995; operational deliveries are
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:17
External Dimensions
F/A-18C/DF/A-18E/F
Wing span11.43 m
Wing span over missiles12.31 m
Wing chord (at root)4.04 m
Wing chord (at tip)1.68 m
Wing aspect ratio3.52
Width, wings folded8.38 m
Length overall17.07 m
Height overall4.66 m
Tailplane span6.58 m
Distance between fin tips3.60 m
Wheel track3.11 m
Wheelbase5.42 m
Wing span over missiles13.62 meters
Wing aspect ratio4.00
Width wings folded9.32 m
Length overall18.31 m
Height overall4.88 m
Areas
F/A-18C/DF/A-18E/F
Wings, gross37.16 m2
Ailerons (total)2.27 m2
Leading-edge flaps (total)4.50 m2
Trailing-edge flaps (total)5.75 m2
Fins (total)9.68 m2
Rudders (total)1.45 m2
Tailerons (total)8.18 m2
Wings, gross46.45 sq. meters
Weights and Loadings
F/A-18C/DF/A-18E/F
Weight empty10,810 kg
Maximum fuel weight:
Internal (JP5)
4,926 kg
External: F/A-18 (JP5)
3,053 kg
CF-18 (JP4)
4,245 kg
Maximum external stores load7,031 kg
Take off weight:
Fighter mission
16,651 kg
Attack mission
Approx 23,541 kg
Maximum
Approx 25,401 kg
Maximum wing loading (attack mission)156,80 kg/kN
Weight, empty
Design target13.387 kg
Specification limit13.865 kg
Maximum fuel weight:
Internal
6.531 kg
External (JP5)
4.436 kg
Maximum external stores load (JP5)
8.051 kg
T-O weight, attack mission29.937 kg
Maximum wing loading620.0 kg/m2
Maximum power loading147.1 kg /kN
Performance (At Maximum Takeoff Weight)
F/A-18C/DF/A-18E/F
Max level speedMore than Mach 1.8
Max speed, intermediate powerMore than Mach 1.0
Approach speed134 knots
Acceleration from 460 knots to 920 knots at 10,670 munder 2 min
Combat ceilingapprox 15,240 m
T-O runLess than 427 m
Minimum wind over deck:
Launching
35 knots
Recovery
19 knots
Combat radius, interdiction, hi-lo-lo-hi290 nm
Combat endurance, CAP 150 nm from aircraft carrier1 h 45 min
Ferry range, unrefueledMore than 1,800 nm
Maximum level speed at altitudemore than Mach 1.8
Combat ceiling13,865 m
Minimum wind over deck:
Launching 30 knots
Recovery 15 knots
Combat radius specification:
Interdiction with four 1,000 lb bombs, two Sidewinders,
and two 1,818 liter (480 U.S. gallon: 400 Imp gallon) external tanks,
navigation FLIR and targeting FLIR: Forward Looking Infra-Red
hi-lo-lo-hi
390 nm
Fighter escort with two Sidewinders and two AMRAAMs
410 nm
Combat endurance: maritime air superiority, six AAMs,
three 1,818 liter external tanks, 150 nm from aircraft carrier.		2h 15 min
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:18
Weapons Loads FA-18E
MKAGMCBUCBUGBUGBUGBUAIMAIM20
82888789101224JDAM9120MM
622500
222500
422500
422500
222500
622500
222500
222500
26500
8500
VRML 3-D Model
F-18 Hornet
VRML by Soji Yamakawa
F-18 Hornet
Blue Angels
VRML by Soji Yamakawa
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:20

F/A-18









作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:22
F/A-18E/F









(文章來自：美國軍方第一架同時擁有戰鬥機與攻擊機）
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:23
F/A-18黃蜂式戰鬥攻擊機
維基百科，自由的百科全書


F/A-18黃蜂式戰鬥攻擊機（F/A-18 "Hornet" Strike Fighter）是美國海軍所發展、一種專門針對航空母艦起降而開發的對空/對地雙用全天候戰機，它同時也是美國軍方第一架同時擁有戰鬥機與攻擊機身份的機種，對於空間有限、承載機隊數量不多的航空母艦而言，像F/A-18這種角色多變的泛用機種，是非常優秀的配屬選擇，也是目前美國海軍最重要的航艦搭載戰機。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:24
基本資料
機員數 1
生產商 麥道(McDonnell Douglas)
造價 約2,400萬美元/架
機身尺寸
長 56呎0吋 17.07公尺
翼展 37呎6吋(展開)
27呎6吋(收折) 11.43公尺
8.38公尺
高 15呎3.5吋 4.75公尺
重量
負載前 23,050磅 10,455公斤
負載時 36,710磅(制空任務)
51,900磅(對地任務) 16,652公斤
23,541公斤
最高離陸重 56,000磅 25,401公斤
動力
發動機 2 x 通用電氣F404-GE-400型渦扇發動機
推力 2 x 16,000磅 2x 71.17千牛頓
飛行表現
最高速度 1,190英里/小時 1,915公里/小時
作戰半徑 460英里(制空任務)
662英里(對地任務) 740公里
1065公里
巡航半徑 2,073英里 3,336公里
最高飛行高度 50,000呎 15,240公尺
武器系統
機槍 1x M61A1/A2 20mm 火神砲
炸彈 GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU-16, CBU-59, Mk-80s
飛彈 對空：AIM-7, AIM-9, AIM-120
對地：AGM-62, AGM-65, B-57, B-61
對艦：AGM-84
反雷達：AGM-88

火箭 NA
其他
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:24
基本設定
在設定上，F/A-18是一架雙發動機雙垂直尾翼構造，中等翼展與後掠角度，多用途的超音速戰術戰機。到目前為止，美軍的F/A-18一共發展出六種不同的衍生版本，分別是單座的F/A-18A與18C，及雙座的F/A-18B與18D。至於最新銳的F/A-18E/F雖然仍列在黃蜂家族裡面，但實際上幾乎可以被視為是一種歷經重大修改升級過後的新機種，軍方給予其超級大黃蜂（Super Hornet）的代號以便與原本的版本區隔，是目前美國海軍與海軍陸戰隊最主要的空優與對地攻擊用機種。相對於單座的A、C型，雙座的B、D型機種主要是利用更改航電系統的裝設位置與稍微減少油箱容量（約6%）來達成，B型機的主要用途是為了訓練使用，但比起一般的教練機，雙座的F/A-18仍然擁有完整的作戰能力。至於D型則常被實際用來進行作戰任務，擔任一些像是戰術空中管制、前線空中管制或是戰術偵察任務之類，需要較多人力分工的特殊任務。

F/A-18原本的發展目的是因為美國海軍需要一款價格較低、輕型的多用途戰機，以便與當時艦隊主力的空優戰機、價格高昂且大型的F-14作高低搭配。但是在2006年F-14正式自美國海軍退役，而海軍的先進戰術戰機（Advanced Tactical Aircraft，ATA），也就是A-12計畫又告夭折，造成原本的對地攻擊主力A-6停役後無以為繼的困境，F/A-18遂同時肩負起這兩款戰機留下的任務真空帶。最新改良型的F/A-18E/F是美國海軍航空隊主力的對地與空優任務的機種，駐地美國西岸的幾支海軍航艦戰機大隊（Carrier Air Wing，CVW），因為F-14結構加速老化和架數的問題甚至沒有配屬F-14，而完全以F/A-18作為戰鬥主力，F/A-18對於美國海軍的重要性可見一斑。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:24
歷史

YF-16 vs. YF-17
F/A-18的發展史，最早可以回溯到1972年時，美國空軍發展的輕型戰機（Lightweight Fighter，LWF）計畫。當時在參選的諸多團隊中通用動力（General Dynamics）與諾斯洛普（Northrop）獲得最後決選權，分別發展了YF-16與YF-17兩種原型機進行測試，在這計畫中YF-16中選發展成日後大家熟悉的F-16「戰隼式」（Fighting Falcon）戰鬥機，但YF-17「眼鏡蛇式」（Cobra）戰機卻不幸落選。然而在1974年秋天，當美國海軍的空戰戰機（Air Combat Fighter，ACF）計畫開跑時，由於美國國會要求海軍必須自空軍的這兩架競爭者中挑選，兩大集團又再次對壘，不同的是，由於雙方都未曾有承包製造航空母艦艦載機的經驗，諾斯洛普與製造海軍飛機經驗豐富的麥道公司（McDonnell Douglas）合作，以YF-17為藍本開發出海軍版的原型機，並且由該團隊打敗對手所提案、衍生自單引擎的F-16戰機之艦載機版本。雖然在一開始時，該團隊打算開發出戰鬥機版的F-18與攻擊機版的A-18，來分別取代海軍陸戰隊的F-4與海軍和陸戰隊使用的A-7與A-4攻擊機（1976年，當麥道團隊勝利得到製造授權時，他們其實是授命量產空戰用的F-18A），但是海軍稍後認為這兩種能力的確能夠存在於同一架飛機上面，因此最後的結果是二合一變成一機雙用的F/A-18，同時海軍將使用F/A-18的部隊編號改為「VFA」（戰鬥攻擊中隊）來執行空優與對地攻擊兼顧的雙重任務型態。除了航空母艦起降用的艦載機版本外，諾斯洛普也另外設計減輕重量的陸基版F/A-18L，根據兩家公司的協議，麥道公司負責艦載機版的開發、製造與銷售，諾斯洛普則負責的陸基版的促銷業務。然而尷尬的是，艦載機版F/A-18的外銷市場由於美國軍方採用而大開，反而讓陸基版本毫無商機可言，兩家合作廠商曾一度因此對簿公堂，還好在官方斡旋下解決紛爭，由麥道作為主導廠商執行此計畫，諾斯洛普只負責協助。

雖然在外觀上，F/A-18大致保留了F-17的基本構型，像是雙發動機、雙垂直尾翼與大部分的機身架構，但事實上F/A-18無論是在機體結構、航電系統或是動力系統方面，都是徹頭徹尾重新開發的。YF-17原本使用的YJ101渦輪扇葉發動機在提升輸出推力成為F404。為了能夠讓飛行員自己一個人就能順利執行對空與對地的各種任務，導入了先進的數位化概念與玻璃座艙，以陰極射線管（Cathode Ray Tube，CRT）的螢幕取代傳統戰鬥機所使用的複雜指針儀表，採用線傳飛控（Fly-by-Wire）進一步提升飛機的控制性。在設計上也著重飛機的維修性和降低需要的人工，這些革命性的概念對於日後F/A-18大受好評的多功能、好操作之特性，有著關鍵性的幫助。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:25
F/A-18 A
F/A-18三視圖


為了加速新機種的開發，軍方訂購了11架F/A-18原型機，其中有9架為單座型，也就是日後的F/A-18A。雖然偶爾有人會稱呼這批飛機為YF/A-18A，但事實上根據官方的定義，這批飛機應該是作為預產機而非可以懸掛「Y」字代號的原型機身份。1978年11月18日，第一架預產型F/A-18A順利升空，戰機在為期一年多的測試後，正式進入量產。根據記錄總共有371架F/A-18A被製造出來，並且於1980年3月開始部署，初期當然是以美國海軍的操作測試與評估單位開始接收新飛機。不過令人有點意外的是，第一個真正正式配置F/A-18A的單位，其實是海軍陸戰隊第314「黑騎士」戰鬥攻擊中隊（VMFA-314 "Black Knights"），於1983年1月7日正式換裝完成開始運作。而第一個正式配置F/A-18A的海軍單位，則是海軍第113戰鬥攻擊中隊（VFA-113），於1983年8月換裝完成。VFA-113與後來換裝完成的VFA-25，被配屬在第14航艦航空大隊（CVW-14），因此搭載該大隊的星座號航空母艦（USS Constellation CV-64）成為第一艘正式配置FA-18作為戰鬥武力的航空母艦。
當F/A-18A正式開始服役後，海軍的高級將領們馬上感受到這型多功能戰鬥機真正厲害的地方：它比原本對地攻擊專用的A-7載彈量更大，攻擊精確度更高，但又有不輸給海軍當家空優戰機F-14的運動能力，因此他們給了F/A-18A「搖擺戰機」（Swing Fighter）的渾名，意指這架飛機能在戰鬥機與攻擊機兩種原本壁壘分明的角色中，輕易的切換。相較於過去必須更換航電才有可能有效擔任某一類型任務的戰機來說，F/A-18真正實現多任務機種的設計。
1986年4月，配屬在珊瑚海號航空母艦（USS Coral Sea CVB-43）上的兩中隊海軍航空隊與兩中隊海軍陸戰隊航空隊的F/A-18參加轟炸利比亞的「多拉多峽谷任務」（Operation El Dorado Canyon）。在該行動中主要擔對地任務，尤其是壓制利比亞的防空系統與雷達。這場任務成為F/A-18與AGM-88A「HARM」高速反輻射飛彈的首次實戰登場，擊毀諸多利比亞的雷達與防空飛彈設施，包括蘇聯極少出口的SA-5長程防空飛彈，替其他進行主要攻擊的友軍開路。1991年的沙漠風暴行動（Operation Desert Storm）則是第一次由F/A-18擔綱出場的作戰任務，該次戰役中美軍一共投入了9個配備F/A-18的海軍和7個海軍陸戰隊中隊，雖然在這場作戰中F/A-18主要是擔任對地攻擊的角色，但是也常常會越界執行一下空巡邏任務。開戰當天兩架滿載炸彈的F/A-18在路程上先是擊落了兩架伊拉克空軍的F-7型戰機，隨後繼續飛往目標點執行轟炸任務，再次印證它真正的多功能威力。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:26
F/A-18 B
雙座型的F/A-18B之出現，是打從F/A-18一開始在開發時就同時進行的。在F/A-18最早的11架原型機中，有兩架雙座型版本，代號TF-18A（T是美軍對於教練機的稱呼代號），但在量產後更改為F/A-18B。F/A-18B多出的一個座位是犧牲了約6%容量的油箱空間來達成，但除此之外雙座版的戰機在功能上與單座版的幾乎相同，表現也一致。根據資料F/A-18B一共只量產了40架，除了少數幾架交由測試單位運用外，幾乎都是配置在前線單位而非原本預期的純教練機用途。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:27
F/A-18 C/D

美國海軍藍天使飛行特技小組使用的F/A-18


在麥道/諾斯洛普成功生產了400架的F/A-18A/B之後，針對航電設備作為主要改良項目的新型F/A-18在1990年代中期取代了原本的A/B版本，其單座型稱為F/A-18C，雙座型則為F/A-18D，第一架F/A-18C（機身編號163427）是在1987年9月3日進行處女航，並且在1987年9月開始量產。1989年VFA-25與VFA-113首先進行換裝。新版本的戰機主要改良包括更換新的任務電腦，加裝與1553B和1760軍用標準相容的資料匯流排，新款的彈射椅與飛行事件及監測裝置，這套裝置會紀錄飛機的各項與維修相關的資料。在武器與系統上能夠配備新登場的AIM-120「AMRAAM」先進中程空對空飛彈，與採用紅外線影像尋標頭的AGM-65「小牛」式（Maverick）對地飛彈。除此之外，根據原本的設計F/A-18C能更換RF-18A（最初編號F/A-18(R)）偵察機的可交換式偵查機鼻（Interchangeable Recce Nose）來進行偵查任務，因此也設計保留了相關的電子接線與防電磁外洩屏避，但最後計畫還是終止而沒有實際使用到。由於F/A-18C與之前的A版本幾乎只有航電系統方面的改變，因此兩個機型在外觀上很難分辨，只能從F/A-18C較A在機身上多了一些突起的天線上看出端倪。
F/A-18C在開始生產了兩年、137架之後，自1989年以後出廠的飛機開始具備夜間攻擊能力。改良的部分包括可以使用AN/AAR-50導航前視紅外線（Forward Looking InfraRed，FLIR）或者是AAS-38夜鷹（NITE Hawk）導航與紅外線目標標定前視紅外線莢艙，紅外線影像能夠直接傳送到抬頭顯示器（HUD）上。與夜視鏡相容的座艙儀表板，飛行員能夠使用AN/AVS-9貓眼（Cat Eye）夜視鏡，彩色多功能顯示幕以及電子移動地圖顯示器。第一架配備這套系統的F/A-18C（編號163985）在1989年11月1日交機，又有「夜攻黃蜂」（Night Attack Hornet）的綽號。1992年之後，F/A-18可以攜帶加裝雷射目標指示器的AAS-38莢艙，為雷射導引炸彈提供照明。
F/A-18C已於1999年停產。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:28
F/A-18 E/F 超級大黃蜂
F/A-18F超級大黃蜂突破音障


最新的F/A-18機型是單座的F/A-18E和雙座的F/A-18F，綽號「超級大黃蜂」。獲得這個綽號的是因為這兩款機型雖然延續了最初F/A-18的設計概念，但是這兩款機型被完全重新設計過了，整個機身擴大了約30%。現在有一個中隊F/A-18E和一個中隊的F/A-18F被部署在了尼米茲號航空母艦上。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:29
EA-18G

試飛中的EA-18G原型機


EA-18G是美國海軍預備在2009年財政年度開始取代現役EA-6B電子作戰飛機。EA-18G由F/A-18F的機體修改之後，利用掛載於機翼與機腹中線下方的ALQ-99干擾筴艙與機身內的電子設備，執行對地方無線電訊號源，包括雷達與通訊設備的蒐集、干擾與壓制。
2000年下半年美國海軍開始著手進行下一代電子作戰飛機發展研究，經過22個月的評估與研究之後，2001年一份2000頁的機密報告提出多種海空軍聯合研發與採購的提案，由於海空兩軍對於新機種任務規劃的差異，以及海軍陸戰隊預備採用未來服役的F-35聯合打擊戰鬥機的電子作戰版，兩軍種合作計畫因此改由海軍單獨利用F/A-18F的機體改良之後取得。
第一架EA-18G發展型，編號16641，於2006年8月3日於波音位於密蘇里州聖路易市的工廠正式對外公開，8月15日進行第一次試飛。EA-18G與F/A-18F共享90%的機身結構，APG-79主動相位陣列雷達與其他航電系統，在兩處翼端，EA-18G加裝ALQ-218戰術干擾系統接收器（Tactical Jamming System Receivers，TJSRs）。主要的電子作戰系統與EA-6B相同，都是使用ALQ-99 ICAPIII筴艙，高度自動化的系統與介面設計將提高EA-18G的作戰效果。
作者: 克里斯Chris    時間: 07-2-4 11:30
使用國家單位

美國
美國海軍
美國海軍陸戰隊
國家航空暨太空總署（NASA）
澳大利亞皇家空軍（Royal Australian Air Force，麥道代號AF/A-18A）
科威特空軍（Al Quwwat Aj Jawwaiya Al Kuwaitiya）
瑞士空軍（Schweizer Luftwaffe）
芬蘭空軍（Suomen Ilmavoimat，使用純攔截機版本的F-18C/D）
馬來西亞皇家空軍（Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia，使用雙座攔截機版的F-18D）
加拿大空軍司令部（Canadian Forces Air Command，麥道的內部代號為CF-18A，但加拿大軍方將機種代號改稱CF-188與雙座版CF-188B）
西班牙空軍（Ejército del Aire，機種代號改稱C.15）

參考書目
David Donald and Jon Lake, The Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft (2000), Aerospace Publishing Ltd. UK, ISBN 1-84013-393-7



歡迎光臨 鐵之狂傲 (https://www.gamez.com.tw/)