『 陸軍武器 』－ M2/3 "佈雷德利"步兵戰車

克里斯Chris

M2A3 and M3A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS)


M2 線圖




The mission of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle [BFV] is to provide mobile protected transport of an infantry squad to critical points on the battlefield and to perform cavalry scout missions. The BFVS will also provide overwatching fires to support dismounted infantry and to suppress or defeat enemy tanks and other fighting vehicles. The Bradley Fighting Vehicle is a fully armored, fully tracked vehicle designed to carry Mechanized Infantry into close contact with the enemy. It possesses sufficient cross-country mobility to keep up with the Abrams Main Battle Tank, medium and long-range firepower capable of defeating any vehicle on the battlefield, and is adequately armored to protect the crew from artillery and small arms threats. During World War II, the vehicle's namesake, General Omar Bradley, was known as the "GI General".


The Bradley is able to close with and destroy enemy forces in support of mounted and dismounted Infantry and Cavalry combat operations. The Bradley Fighting Vehicle family currently consists of two vehicles: the M2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle and the M3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle. Just as with its predecessor, the M113 family, the Bradley will eventually be the platform for a wide range of support vehicles.
Unlike the M113 family of vehicles the Bradley replaces, this is not simply a "battle taxi". The Bradley is a sophisticated weapons platform capable of providing tremendous firepower in direct support of the Infantry it carries. The role of the Bradley is to

Safely transport Infantry to critical locations on the battlefield
Provide fire support to cover their dismounted operations, and
Destroy enemy tanks and other vehicles that may threaten the Infantry it carries

克里斯Chris

The Bradley旧 main armament is the M242 25mm "Bushmaster" Chain Gun, manufactured by McDonnell Douglas. The M242 has a single barrel with an integrated dual-feed mechanism and remote ammunition selection. Either armor piercing (AP) or high explosive (HE) ammunition may be selected with the flick of a switch. The Gunner may select from single or multiple shot modes. The standard rate of fire is 200 rounds per minute, and has a range of 2,000 meters (depending on the ammunition used). A wide range of ammunition has been developed for this weapon, making it capable of defeating the majority of armored vehicles it is likely to encounter, up to and including some main battle tanks. The M240C machine gun, mounted to right of the Bushmaster, fires 7.62mm rounds.

When facing heavier enemy armor the Bradley relies on the TOW Anti-Tank Missile, manufactured by the Hughes Aircraft. Launched from a smooth tube launcher, the missile旧 wings and tail fins are folded inside its body until launch. Two of these missiles are carried ready to fire in a collapsible, armored launch rack on the left of the turret. The Bradley must stop in order to fire these missiles, which are them reloaded by the Infantrymen in the back of the vehicle, using a special hatch which provides armor protection during the reload operation. The missile is equipped with a massive shaped charge, high explosive warhead and is propelled by a two-stage solid propellant motor. The range of the TOW missile is nearly 4 kilometers and the missile will reach a speed of almost Mach 1 on its way to the target. This weapon is capable of destroying any armored vehicle in existence today and is deadly accurate.

The wide tracks and 600 horsepower turbo-diesel power plant give the vehicle the mobility it needs to keep up with the Abrams, and keep the soldiers it carries out of harms way. In order to fulfil the requirement for rapid worldwide deployability, the Bradley can be transported by truck, rail, ship and transporter aircraft. In addition, all Bradleys are amphibious. Early models were equipped with a water barrier, which is erected by the crew before entering the water ?a procedure that takes about 30 minutes. Later models have an inflatable pontoon, which fits on the front and sides of the vehicle. This pontoon is inflated in about 15 minutes, and is continuously pressurized during operation. The pontoon is compartmentalized to provide protection against sinking in the event of rupture of the pontoon. Water propulsion is provided by tracks which propel the vehicle at about 4 MPH.

The vehicle's reliability, survivability and lethality has surpassed initial expectations. Of the 2,200 Bradleys involved in Operation Desert Storm, only three were disabled. In fact, more enemy armored vehicles were destroyed by Bradleys than by the Abrams Main Battle Tanks!

The M2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle [IFV] is a fully tracked, lightly armored vehicle that offers significant improvements over the M113 series of armored personnel carriers. The M2 posses greater power, greater acceleration, and an advanced suspension for a significant increase in cross-country speed. Like the M113, the primary purpose of the M2 is to carry infantryman on the battlefield, and transport and support them with fire if necessary. The M2 Bradley carries a crew of three (Commander, Gunner & Driver) and a six-man Infantry section into combat.


The M3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle [CFV] is exactly the same chassis as the M2 IFV with some minor internal differences. The M3 is a cavalry/scout vehicle, instead of carrying 6 dismounts in the payload compartment, the M3 carries a pair of scouts, additional radios, ammunition, and TOW and Dragon or Javelin missile rounds. In fact, the only noticeable differences between the M2 and the M3 are that the external firing ports for the squad M16s are absent on the M3.

By the end of 1994 the Army had produced a total of 6,724 Bradleys, 4,641 in the M2 Infantry configuration and 2,083 in the M3 Cavalry configuration. Three versions of the M2/M3 have been procured: 2,300 "basic," or A0 Bradleys; 1,371 A1 Bradleys which incorporates the TOW 2 missile subsystem; and 3,053 A2 "high survivability" vehicles. Currently, the Army is conducting depot conversion of A0 and A1 Bradleys to the A2 configuration, modifying 1,423 A2s to the A2 ODS configuration, and preparing to upgrade 1,602 A2s to the A3 configuration. M2/3A0s and A1s will continue to be upgraded to the A2 configuration in FY96. Selected M2/3A2s will be modified with the ODS upgrade pachage through FY02. The First Unit Equipped (FUE) for the A2 ODS variant was FY96. The M2/3A3 vehicle configuration is in EMD with FUE scheduled for FY00.

The M2A3 and M3A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS) are improved versions of the M2A2 and M3A2 BFVS. The BFVS-A3 includes enhancements intended to improve lethality, mobility, survivability, and sustainability. Additionally, these enhancements are intended to provide increased situational awareness and digital command and control capabilities necessary to provide information superiority to the dominant maneuver force. The Bradley Fighting vehicle and the Abrams Tank are the two central components of the dominant maneuver digital force.

克里斯Chris

The M2A3/M3A3 model of the Bradley will facilitate enhanced command and control, greater lethality, and provide mobile protected transport of an Infantry squad, and Cavalry crewmen to critical points on the battlefield. M2A3/M3A3 will facilitate mechanized Infantry, cavalry scout, and other claimant (Bradley equipped Fire Support and Stinger Teams) missions in the 21st Century. Upgrades include advanced technology in the areas of command and control, lethality, survivability, mobility, and sustainability required to defeat current and future threat forces while remaining operationally compatible with the Abrams main battle tank. The M2A3/M3A3 will provide overwatching fires to support the dismounted infantry and suppress/defeat enemy tanks, reconnaissance vehicles, IFVs, armored personnel carriers, bunkers, and attack helicopters. In the Cavalry role, it will be used to conduct reconnaissance operations, economy of force, and screening missions. It will be employed in Combined Arms units alongside the M1A1 D and M1A2 SEP tank.

The A3 upgrade to the Army旧 Bradley fighting vehicle system is a major component of the Army digitization initiative, designed both to complement the capabilities provided by the M1A2 SEP and to incorporate needed enhancements identified during the Gulf War. The M2A3/M3A3 will be equipped with a digital electronic architecture incorporating on-board subsystem monitoring, diagnostics/ prognostics, and an Army Technical Architecture (ATA) compliant Command and Control software suite that is fully interoperable with M1A2 SEP and M1A1 D tanks, and other Force XXI digitized platforms. When equipped with upgraded Bradleys, mechanized infantry units will be able to share battlefield data with M1A2 SEP-equipped armor units. The digitization upgrades will improve both situational awareness and sustainability through automated fault reporting and diagnostics. The A3 upgrade will also increase the lethality of the Bradley by adding an improved fire control system and a commander旧 independent thermal viewer. BFVS-A3 enhancements include

a vehicle control and operation system to control and automate many crew functions and to enhance situational awareness by transmitting, receiving, storing, and displaying digital messages. This digital capability is to be compatible with all components of the combined arms team.
the improved Bradley acquisition system (IBAS) and commander's independent viewer, both 2nd generation FLIR's, to improve target acquisition and target engagement.
a position navigation system with GPS receiver to enhance situational awareness.
Approximately 1,602 Bradley A2s will be remanufactured into A3s, including fire support and air defense derivatives. Engineering and manufacturing development of the A3 upgrade will continue through FY 1999. In March 1994, the Army awarded a contract to United Defense, Limited Partnership, to begin the engineering and manufacturing development phase. In June 1997, the Army approved the first LRIP for 35 systems with an FY98 option for an additional 18 systems, and low-rate production began in July 1997. A subsequent LRIP decision is scheduled for FY99 for 78 systems. The IOT&E for the BFVS-A3 is scheduled for 3/4QFY99. This IOT&E will be conducted in conjunction with the FOT&E 3 for the M1A2 Abrams System Enhancement Program. The LFT&E is scheduled for 3QFY98 through 1QFY99. The full rate production milestone decision is scheduled for 1QFY00.

克里斯Chris

The hull of the Bradley is constructed of welded aluminum and supplemented at critical locations by spaced laminate armor. The latest version of the Bradley, the M2A2, has additional applique steel armor to help defeat ballistic ammunition, with provision for explosive reactive armor for increased protection against shaped charge weapons. The Applique armor tile system is designed to increase the survivability of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle System (BFVS) against shaped-charge threats using reactive armor technology. Information regarding the specific mechanism of operation and threat level is classified SECRET. A Bradley vehicle set of armor tiles consists of 105 tiles in the following quantities: 26 M3A1, 9 M4A1, 55 M5A,1 7 M6A1, and 8 M7A1. The armor tiles were subjected to comprehensive technical testing and evaluation during Phase II (screening tests) and Phase III (performance specification qualification tests). The coordinated test plan for this evaluation was formulated by AMSAA, TECOM, CSTA, PM - Bradley, and ARDEC. The testing has demonstrated the tiles are safe and meet the performance requirements.

M2A1基礎型

克里斯Chris

Specifications
[td=1,1,30%]M2 IFV [td=1,1,30%]M3 CFV
Crew	3
	2 Cavalry Scouts	6 Infantry Dismounts
Length	21'2"
Width	10'6"
Height	9'9"
Weight	50,000 lbs
Road Speed	45 mph
Range	300 miles
Engine	Cummins VTA-903T water-cooled 4 cycle diesel.
Armament	25mm cannon (Chain-gun) 7.62 mm coaxially mounted machine gun TOW missile launcher with twin tubes.
Inventory	1602 systems
Total program cost	(TY$) $5664.1M
Average unit cost	(TY$) $3.166M
Full-rate production	2QFY00
Prime Contractor	United Defense, Limited Partnership

克里斯Chris

美國M2/3佈雷德利步/騎兵戰車 圖集

克里斯Chris

世界最先進的“布拉德利”裝甲戰車

　美國陸軍“布拉德利”（Bradley）M2/M3履帶式裝甲戰車[BFV]用於在戰場上和“艾布拉姆斯”M1A1/A2主戰坦克協同作戰，兩者在世界武器排行榜都名列前茅。在去年的伊拉克戰爭中，美國陸軍第三步兵師出動了40輛“布拉德利”戰車和主戰坦克配合，一舉拿下巴格達市中心的總統府和新聞大樓。作為世界上最先進的履帶式步兵戰車，“布拉德利”M2/M3戰車無論是火力、機動性、裝甲防護和車載作戰系統都非常出色。美國陸軍不斷改進來提升性能，使其能應付戰場上不斷出現，眾多新的威脅。

　　“布拉德利”戰車系統由聯合防衛有限合資公司(UDLP)生產，主要包括M2步兵戰車和M3騎兵（機械化部隊）戰車兩大類。“布拉德利”戰車系列產品用於替換M113戰車系列產品，但不僅是“戰爭出租汽車”（M113戰車的綽號）來運載步兵，“布拉德利”戰車將會是一種最新的平台，用於一種廣泛范圍的支援車輛﹔還將是一種復雜的武器平台，能夠提供巨大火力直接支援它攜帶的步兵。

　　“布拉德利”M2/M3履帶式裝甲戰車主要在美國和沙特阿拉伯軍隊中服役，沙特阿拉伯在1990年採購400輛M2/M3型戰車。“布拉德利”戰車的可靠性、生存性和殺傷力已經超過最初的期待。在1991年“沙漠風暴”行動中，2,200輛“布拉德利”戰車參戰，隻有12輛喪失作戰能力。事實上，比較起來“布拉德利”戰車摧毀的伊方裝甲車輛數量甚至超過了“艾布拉姆斯”主戰坦克！

　　去年的伊拉克戰爭中，美軍第三步兵師的幾百輛M2A2步兵戰車參加了戰斗。由於伊軍的實力與海灣戰爭時相差甚遠，因此美軍進攻非常順利。在2003年4月初，美軍“布拉德利”和“艾布拉姆斯”作戰車隊兩次“晝闖巴格達”的驚人之舉，成為最大亮點。

克里斯Chris

　　一、“布拉德利”戰車發展歷史

　　美國陸軍“布拉德利”（Bradley）戰車的名稱由來和“艾布拉姆斯”主戰坦克一樣，是記念在第二次世界大戰中的美國名將，戰車的同名人是奧馬爾·布拉德利（Omar Bradley）將軍。

　　1972年4月，由於當時現役的M113戰車已經不能符合需求，美國陸軍推出新的步兵戰車發展計劃，主要有克萊斯勒集團、FMC集團(后由聯合防衛公司購並)和太平洋汽車制造廠三家制造商競爭。最終FMC集團獲勝，並於1975年夏天生產出第一輛 XM-732步兵戰車原型。在原型基礎上，根據美國陸軍要求進行修改，發展出XM-2步兵戰車與XM-3騎兵（機械化部隊）戰車。1980年，美國陸軍正式命名為“布拉德利” M2/M3戰車，1981年正式量產，取代美國陸軍大部分的M-113型步兵戰車。

　　在1994底之前軍隊已經生產總數為6,724輛“布拉德利”戰車，M2步兵戰車4,641和M3騎兵戰車2,083輛。

克里斯Chris

　二、“布拉德利”戰車性能特點和作戰用途

　　“布拉德利”M2/M3戰車採用全裝甲、全履帶設計，擁有足夠的越野靈活性去跟上“艾布拉姆斯”主戰坦克，強大的中距和遠距火力（車載反坦克導彈）能夠擊敗在戰場上的任何敵方車輛，自身裝備足夠地裝甲去保護全體乘員免於火炮和輕武器威脅，集眾多優點於一身，自然在戰場上所向披靡。“布拉德利” M2/M3戰車的任務主要用於：提供機動保護運輸能力給一個步兵班到戰場上危急的、具有重要價值的地點﹔執行偵察任務﹔提供掩護射擊火力去支援下車徒步作戰的步兵﹔壓制或擊敗敵人的坦克和其他的戰車。“布拉德利”戰車系列產品現在由二類車輛所組成：M2步兵戰車和M3騎兵（機械化部隊）戰車。

　　M2步兵戰車[IFV]擁有強大動力和先進懸挂系統，具有較高的越野速度和優異的加速能力。M2步兵戰車的任務是在戰場上運送步兵，提供掩護給使下車的軍隊壓制敵人的坦克和戰車，攜帶三名全體乘員，指揮官，炮手和駕駛員，加上六名全副武裝步兵。車后有一個跳板式車艙門，採用液壓裝置操縱，左側還開有小艙門，以備應急出入。

　　M3騎兵戰車[CFV]同M2步兵戰車[IFV]具有完全相同的底盤，但存在一些較小的內部差別。M3是騎兵/偵察車輛，攜帶三名全體乘員加上二名偵察兵。增加無線電接收裝置，彈藥和TOW、龍式或標槍反坦克導彈。事實上，M2和M3之間的唯一引人注目的差別是外面的射擊孔，因為在M3上不裝備班級M16步槍，所以M3上沒有射擊孔。

克里斯Chris

“布拉德利”（Bradley）M2/M3履帶式裝甲戰車[BFV]  
  
M2 步兵戰車（IFV）
M3 騎兵戰車（CFV）

全體乘員
3

  
6 名全副武裝人員
2 名偵察人員

車長
21'2"

車寬
10'6"

車高
9'9"

重量
50,000 磅

公路速度
45 英裡/小時

行程
300 英裡

發動機
“康明斯”VTA-903T 水冷式4沖程柴油發動機

武器
M-243 25毫米火炮
M-240C 7.62毫米 同軸機槍
TOW 雙管箱式導彈發射裝置

2套M-257 66毫米四聯裝煙幕發生器

主承包商
聯合防衛有限合資公司(UDLP)