『每日軍事武器鑑賞』－ F-15 鷹式 戰鬥機

克里斯Chris

F-15 Eagle


The F-15 Eagle is an all-weather, extremely maneuverable, tactical fighter designed to gain and maintain air superiority in aerial combat. The Eagle's air superiority is achieved through a mixture of maneuverability and acceleration, range, weapons and avionics. The F-15 has electronic systems and weaponry to detect, acquire, track and attack enemy aircraft while operating in friendly or enemy-controlled airspace. Its weapons and flight control systems are designed so one person can safely and effectively perform air-to-air combat. It can penetrate enemy defense and outperform and outfight current or projected enemy aircraft.

The F-15's superior maneuverability and acceleration are achieved through high engine thrust-to-weight ratio and low wing loading. Low wing-loading (the ratio of aircraft weight to its wing area) is a vital factor in maneuverability and, combined with the high thrust-to-weight ratio, enables the aircraft to turn tightly without losing airspeed.

A multimission avionics system sets the F-15 apart from other fighter aircraft. It includes a head-up display, advanced radar, inertial navigation system, flight instruments, UHF communications, tactical navigation system and instrument landing system. It also has an internally mounted, tactical electronic-warfare system, "identification friend or foe" system, electronic countermeasures set and a central digital computer.

Through an on-going multistage improvement program the F-15 is receiving extensive upgrade involving the installation or modification of new and existing avionics equipment to enhance the tactical capabilities of the F-15.

The head-up display projects on the windscreen all essential flight information gathered by the integrated avionics system. This display, visible in any light condition, provides the pilot information necessary to track and destroy an enemy aircraft without having to look down at cockpit instruments.

The F-15's versatile pulse-Doppler radar system can look up at high-flying targets and down at low-flying targets without being confused by ground clutter. It can detect and track aircraft and small high-speed targets at distances beyond visual range down to close range, and at altitudes down to tree-top level. The radar feeds target information into the central computer for effective weapons delivery. For close-in dog fights, the radar automatically acquires enemy aircraft, and this information is projected on the head-up display.


The APG-63 radar was developed over 20 years ago and has an average mean time between failure less than 15 hours. APG-63 LRUs have become increasingly difficult to support both in the field and at the depot. First, individual parts have become increasingly unavailable from any source; incorporating newer technology parts often entails module redesign and fails to address the root cause. Second, continuing reliability deterioration impacts both sustainment, particularly during deployment, as well as ACC’s ability to implement two-level maintenance. In addition, the APG-63 radar has virtually no remaining processing and memory capacity to accommodate software upgrades to counter evolving threats. The APG-63(V)1 radar has been designed for improved reliability and maintainability to address user requirements. The radar incorporates components designed for improved reliability and lower failure rates and enhanced diagnostics for improved fault detection and fault isolation. Along with other design features, these should improve radar reliability to 120 hours MTBM, an order of magnitude better than the existing APG-63.
An inertial navigation system enables the Eagle to navigate anywhere in the world. It gives aircraft position at all times as well as pitch, roll, heading, acceleration and speed information.

The F-15's electronic warfare system provides both threat warning and automatic countermeasures against selected threats. The "identification friend or foe" system informs the pilot if an aircraft seen visually or on radar is friendly. It also informs U.S. or allied ground stations and other suitably equipped aircraft that the F-15 is a friendly aircraft.


The Fiber Optic Towed Decoy (FOTD) provides aircraft protection against modern radar-guided missiles to supplement traditional radar jamming equipment. The device is towed at varying distances behind the aircraft while transmitting a signal like that of a threat radar. The missile will detect and lock onto the decoy rather than on the aircraft. This is achieved by making the decoy’s radiated signal stronger than that of the aircraft.
A variety of air-to-air weaponry can be carried by the F-15. An automated weapon system enables the pilot to perform aerial combat safely and effectively, using the head-up display and the avionics and weapons controls located on the engine throttles or control stick. When the pilot changes from one weapon system to another, visual guidance for the required weapon automatically appears on the head-up display.

The Eagle can be armed with combinations of four different air-to-air weapons: AIM-7F/M Sparrow missiles or AIM-120 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missiles on its lower fuselage corners, AIM-9L/M Sidewinder or AIM-120 missiles on two pylons under the wings, and an internal 20mm Gatling gun (with 940 rounds of ammunition) in the right wing root.


The current AIM-9 missile does not have the capabilities demonstrated by foreign technologies, giving the F-15 a distinct disadvantage during IR dogfight scenarios. AIM-9X integration will once again put the F-15 in the air superiority position in all arenas. The F-15/AIM-9X weapon system is to consist of F-15 carriage of the AIM-9X missile on a LAU-128 Air-to-Air (A/A) launcher from existing AIM-9 certified stations. The AIM-9X will be an upgrade to the AIM-9L/M, incorporating increased missile maneuverability and allowing a high off-boresight targeting capability.

克里斯Chris

Low-drag, conformal fuel tanks were especially developed for the F-15C and D models. Conformal fuel tanks can be attached to the sides of the engine air intake trunks under each wing and are designed to the same load factors and airspeed limits as the basic aircraft. Each conformal fuel tank contains about 114 cubic feet of usable space. These tanks reduce the need for in-flight refueling on global missions and increase time in the combat area. All external stations for munitions remain available with the tanks in use. AIM-7F/M Sparrow and AIM-120 missiles, moreover, can be attached to the corners of the conformal fuel tanks.


The F-15 Eagle began its life in the mid 1960s as the Fighter Experimental (FX) concept. Using lessons learned in Vietnam, the USAF sought to develop and procure a new, dedicated air superiority fighter. Such an aircraft was desperately needed, as no USAF aircraft design solely conceived as an air superiority fighter had become reality since the F-86 Sabre. The intervening twenty years saw a number of aircraft performing the air-to-air role as a small part of their overall mission, such as the primarily air-to-ground F-4 Phantom and the F-102, F-104 and F-106 interceptor designs. The result of the FX study was a requirement for a fighter design combining unparalleled maneuverability with state-of-the-art avionics and weaponry. An industry-wide competition ended on December 23, 1969 when McDonnell Douglas was awarded the contract for the F-15.

The first F-15A flight was made on 27 July 1972, culminating one of the most successful aircraft development and procurement programs in Air Force history. After an accident-free test and evaluation period, the first aircraft was delivered to the Air Force on Novermber 14, 1974. In January 1976, the first Eagle destined for a combat squadron was delivered to the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base, Va. Three hundred and sixty-five F-15As were built before production of the F-15C began in 1978. In January 1982, the 48th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Langley Air Force Base became the first Air Force air defense squadron to transition to the F-15. After twenty years of service, the F-15A has recently been reassigned from active duty Air Force fighter squadrons to Air National Guard units. The F-15A is flown by Air National Guard squadrons in the states of Oregon, Missouri, Georgia, Louisiana, Hawaii, and Massachussets.


The first flight of the two-seat F-15B (formerly TF-15A) trainer was made in July 1973. The first F-15B Eagle was delivered in November 1974 to the 58th Tactical Training Wing, Luke Air Force Base, Ariz., where pilot training was accomplished in both F-15A and B aircraft. The F-15B incorporates a tandem seating configuration, with a second crewmember position aft of the pilot's seat. The primary purpose of the F-15B is aircrew training, with an instructor pilot occupying the rear seat while an upgrading pilot mans the front seat controls. The rear seat pilot has a full set of flight controls and can fly the aircraft throughout the envelope, including takeoff and landing. Even though space is sacrificed to accomodate the second crew member, the F-15B retains the same warfighting capability as the F-15A. In keeping with the trainer concept, however, the rear seat is not equipped with controls for the combat avionics and weaponry. In fact, the rear seat is not a mandatory crew position, and F-15Bs are often flown with empty rear cockpits.


The F-15C is an improved version of the original F-15A single-seat air superiority fighter. Additions incorporated in the F-15C include upgrades to avionics as well as increased internal fuel capacity and a higher allowable gross takeoff weight. The single-seat F-15C and two-seat F-15D models entered the Air Force inventory beginning in 1979. Kadena Air Base, Japan, received the first F-15C in September 1979. These new models have Production Eagle Package (PEP 2000) improvements, including 2,000 pounds (900 kilograms) of additional internal fuel, provision for carrying exterior conformal fuel tanks and increased maximum takeoff weight of up to 68,000 pounds (30,600 kilograms). Externally, the differences between the F-15A and F-15C are so slight as to make identification difficult; the only reliable indicator is the aircraft serial number. All F-15As have tail numbers starting with 73- through 77-, while F-15Cs have tail numbers beginning with 78- through 86-. The F-15C is the Air Force's primary air superiority fighter, serving with active duty units at Langley AFB, VA, Eglin AFB, FL, Mountain Home AFB, ID, Elmendorf AFB, AK, Tyndall AFB, FL, Nellis AFB, NV, Spangdahlem AB, Germany, Lakenheath AB, England and Kadena AB, Okinawa. The operational F-15C force structure is approximately 300 aircraft assigned to operational units. In the mid-1990s the F-15C experienced declining reliability indicators, primarily from three subsystems: radar, engines, and secondary structures. A complete retrofit of all three subsystems could be done for less than $3 billion.
The F-15D is a two-seat variant of the single-place F-15C. The primary purpose of the F-15D is aircrew training, with an instructor pilot occupying the rear seat while an upgrading pilot mans the front seat controls.

克里斯Chris

The F-15C has an air combat victory ratio of 95-0 making it one of the most effective air superiority aircraft ever developed. The US Air Force claims the F-15C is in several respects inferior to, or at best equal to, the MiG-29, Su-27, Su-35/37, Rafale, and EF-2000, which are variously superior in acceleration, maneuverability, engine thrust, rate of climb, avionics, firepower, radar signature, or range. Although the F-15C and Su-27P series are similar in many categories, the Su-27 can outperform the F-15C at both long and short ranges. In long-range encounters, with its superiorr radar the Su-27 can launch a missile before the F-15C does, so from a purely kinematic standpoint, the Russian fighters outperform the F-15C in the beyond-visual-range fight. The Su-35 phased array radar is superior to the APG-63 Doppler radar in both detection range and tracking capabilities. Additionally, the Su-35 propulsion system increases the aircraft’s maneuverability with thrust vectoring nozzles. Simulations conducted by British Aerospace and the British Defense Research Agency compared the effectiveness of the F-15C, Rafale, EF-2000, and F-22 against the Russian Su-35 armed with active radar missiles similar to the AIM-120 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM). The Rafale achieved a 1:1 kill ratio (1 Su-35 destroyed for each Rafale lost). The EF-2000 kill ratio was 4.5:1 while the F-22 achieved a ratio of 10:1. In stark contrast was the F-15C, losing 1.3 Eagles for each Su-35 destroyed.

克里斯Chris

F-15I Thunder

Israel has bought F-15A, B, and D aircraft from USAF inventories and is currently obtaining an air-to-ground version called the F-15I. The two seat F-15I, known as the Thunder in Israel, incorporates new and unique weapons, avionics, electronic warfare, and communications capabilities that make it one of the most advanced F-15s. The F-15I, like the US Air Force's F-15E Strike Eagle, is a dual-role fighter that combines long-range interdiction with the Eagle's air superiority capabilities. All aircraft are to be configured with either the F100-PW-229 or F110-GE-129 engines by direct commercial sale; Night Vision Goggle compatible cockpits; an Elbit display and sight helmet (DASH) system; conformal fuel tanks; and the capability to employ the AIM-120, AIM-7, AIM-9, and a wide variety of air-to-surface munitions.

F-15 production, which began in 1972, has been extended into 1999 by orders F-151 aircraft for Israel. Israel selected the F-15I in January, 1994 after evaluating a variety of aircraft to meet its defense needs. The government of Israel initially ordered 25 F-15I Thunders, powered by two Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229 low bypass turbofan engine. This foreign military sale was valued at $1.76 billion dollars. The Israeli Air Force received the first two of 25 F-15I aircraft in January 1998. On 22 September 1998 the US Department of Defense announced the sale to the Government of Israel of 30 F-15I aircraft; 30 AN/APG-70 or AN/APG-63(V)1 radar; and 30 each LANTIRN navigation and targeting pods. Associated support equipment, software development/integration, spares and repair parts, flight test instrumentation, publications and technical documentation, personnel training and training equipment, US Government and contractor technical and logistics personnel services, and other related requirements to ensure full program supportability will also be provided. The estimated cost was $2.5 billion.
F-15S Peace Sun IX
F-15 production has been extended into 1999 by orders for 72 F-15S aircraft for Saudi Arabia. Peace Sun IX is an F-15 Foreign Military Sales production program, with development, to deliver 72 F-15S aircraft including support equipment, spares, and training to the Royal Saudi government. Saudi Arabia has purchased a total of 62 F-15C and D aircraft and later procured the F-15S, which is a two-seater aircraft based on the F-15E airframe, with downgraded avionics, downgraded LANTIRN pods, and a simplified Hughes APG-70 radar without computerised radar mapping. Four F-15S Eagles were delivered in 1995. On 10 November 1999 the last of 72 F-15S aircraft was delivered to Saudi Arabia. In November 1995 Saudi Arabia purchased 556 GBU-15 Guided Bomb Units (including six training units), 48 data link pods, personnel training and training equipment and other related elements of logistics support. The estimated cost is $371 million. Saudi Arabia would use the GBU-15s to enhance the stand off attack capability of the F-15S aircraft.

F-15J Peace Eagle
Japan has purchased and produced a total of 223 air-to-air F-15 known as the F-15J, assembled in Japan from largely indigenously manufactured sub-assemblies and equipment. The Mitsubishi F-15J/DJ Eagle is the principal air superiority fighter operated by the JASDF. These differ from the F-15C/D with the deletion of sensitive ECM, radar warning, and nuclear delivery equipment. The AN/ALQ-135 is replaced by indigenous J/ALQ-8 and the AN/ALR-56 RHAWS is replaced by J/APR-4.

克里斯Chris

Specifications
Primary Function	Tactical fighter.
Contractor	McDonnell Douglas Corp.
Power Plant	Two Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-100 turbofan engines with afterburners.
Thrust	(C/D models) 25,000 pounds each engine ( 11,250 kilograms).
Length	63 feet, 9 inches (19.43 meters).
Height	18 feet, 8 inches (5.69 meters).
Wingspan	42 feet, 10 inches (13.06 meters)
Speed	1,875 mph (Mach 2.5-plus) at 45,000 ft.
Ceiling	65,000 feet (19,697 meters).
Maximum Takeoff Weight	(C/D models) 68,000 pounds (30,600 kilograms).
Range	3,450 miles (3,000 nautical miles) ferry range with conformal fuel tanks and three external fuel tanks.
Armament	1 - M-61A1 20mm multibarrel internal gun, 940 rounds of ammunition 4 - AIM-9L/M Sidewinder and 4 - AIM-7F/M Sparrow missiles, or combination of AIM-9L/M, AIM-7-F/M and AIM-120 missiles. F-15C Weapon Loads AIM AIM AIM AGM 20 7 9 120 88 MM 4 4 900 4 2 2 900 2 2 4 900 4 4 4 900 4 4 4 900 8 900 F-15E Weapon Loads12 CBU-52 (6 with wing tanks) 12 CBU-59 (6 with wing tanks) 12 CBU-71 (6 with wing tanks) 12 CBU-87 (6 with wing tanks) 12 CBU-89 (6 with wing tanks) 20 MK-20 (6 with wing tanks) AGM AGM CBU CBU CBU GBU GBU GBU GBU AIM AIM 20 65 130 87 89 97 10 12 28 15 JDAM 9 120 MM 4 4 500 1 4 500 8 4 500 8 4 500 8 4 500 4 4 500 8 4 500 2 4 500 1 4 500 4 4 500 4 4 500 2 6 500
Systems	AN/APG-63 X-band pulsed-Doppler radar [Hughes] AN/APG-70 X-band pulsed-Doppler radar [Hughes] [ on F-15E, F-15C/D, F-15A/B MSIP] AN/APX-76 IFF interrogator [Hazeltine] AN/ALQ-135(V) internal countermeasures system AN/ALQ-128 radar warning [Magnavox] suite AN/ALR-56 radar warning receiver (RWR) [Loral] AN/ALE-45 chaff/flare dispensers [Tracor] AN/AVQ-26 Pave Tack AN/AXQ-14 Data Link System LANTIRN
Crew	F-15A/C: one. F-15B/D: two.
Unit cost $FY98 [Total Program]	$43 million.
Date Deployed	July 1972
Production [for USAF]	360 F-15A/B 408 F-15C 61 F-15D 203 F-15E
Total Inventory	275 F-15A/B 410 F-15C/D 203 F-15E Approximately 100 F-15s are in storage @ AMARC
PMAI Primary Mission Aircraft Inventory	45 F-15A/B Air National Guard Air Defense Force 45 F-15A/B Air National Guard 126 F-15C/D Air Combat Command 90 F-15C/D Pacific Air Forces 36 F-15C/D US Air Forces Europe 342 F-15A/C TOTAL 66 F-15E Air Combat Command 18 F-15E Pacific Air Forces 48 F-15E US Air Forces Europe 132 F-15E TOTAL Only combat-coded aircraft and not development/ test, attrition reserve, depot maintenance, or training aircraft.

克里斯Chris

(文章來源：高機動性的戰術戰鬥機）

克里斯Chris

F-15鷹式戰鬥機

維基百科，自由的百科全書


F-15鷹式戰鬥機(F-15 Eagle)，是一款美國開發生產的全天候、高機動性的戰術戰鬥機。針對獲得與維持空優而設計的它，是美國空軍現役的主力戰機之一。F-15是由1962年展開的F-X(Fighter-Experimental)計劃發展出來，1969年由麥道(McDonnell Douglas)公司得標，1972年7月首次試飛，1974年首架量產機交付美國空軍使用，直到現在。在戰機世代上，它被歸類為第三代戰機(這是西方標準，俄國標準則列為第四代)，與F-16，美國海軍的F-14、F/A-18，歐洲的龍捲風、幻象2000等是同一世代。

一個有名的衍生型是F-15E打擊鷹式戰鬥轟炸機，在1988年服役，是一款非常成功的全天候打擊戰鬥機。

克里斯Chris

F-15的機動性來自於低翼負荷(重量對翼面積之比值)與高推重比，使它能夠快速地轉向而不喪失速度，武器和飛控系統的設計使得它只需要一名飛行員，就能安全而有效率地進行空戰。

多功能的航電系統包含了抬頭顯示器(Head-Up Display，HUD)、先進的雷達、慣性導航系統(Inertial Navigation System，INS)、 飛行儀表、超高頻(Ultra-High Frequency，UHF)通訊、戰術導航系統與儀器降落系統(Instrument Landing System，ILS)。它也內建了戰術電戰系統、敵我識別器(Identification Friend of Foe，IFF)、電子反制(Electronic CounterMeasure，ECM)裝置與中央數位電腦系統。

抬頭顯示器會顯示出由航電系統整合提供的飛行相關資料，它可以在任何飛行環境下判讀，提供飛行員飛行、追縱及獵殺敵機或其它目標的必要而即時的資訊，而不需要低頭看座艙內的儀表。

F-15的多功能脈衝都卜勒雷達可以向下俯視搜索目標，利用都卜勒效應能避免目標的訊號被地面雜訊所掩蓋，可以追縱從視距外到近距離、樹梢高度的小型高速目標。目標反射的雷達訊號會傳到中央電腦，在近距離纏鬥下，雷達可以自動捕獲目標，並將目標資訊投射到抬頭顯示器上。電戰系統提供威脅來源的警告，並且自動進行反制。這些先進的電子裝置讓飛行員為它取了個「星艦」的綽號。

F-15能搭載多種空對空武器，自動化的武器系統與手置節流閥與操縱桿(Hands On Throttle And Stick，HOTAS)的設計，讓飛行員只需使用節流閥桿和操縱桿上的按鈕，就可以有效地進行空戰。而所有的設定與視覺導引都會顯示在抬頭顯示器上。

克里斯Chris

服役史
美國空軍是F-15最早也最大的使用者。


一架屬於佛羅里達州廷德爾空軍基地第325戰鬥機聯隊的F-15D正在投放熱焰彈





第一架F-15A在1972年7月首飛，第一架F-15A(或稱做TF-15A)雙座型教練機在1973年7月首飛。第一架鷹式機(F-15B)在1974年11月成軍，而在1976年1月，完成了首架戰鬥部隊F-15的成軍。

單座型的F-15C和雙座型的F-15D在1979年加入美國空軍的行列，新機型具備PEP2000(Production Eagle Package 2000)的昇級，包括增加了2,000磅(約900公斤)的內載油量，可以加掛外部適形油箱的能力，最大起飛重量增加到68,000磅(約30,600公斤)。

F-15自1983年2月展開了多階段提昇計劃(Multistage Improvement Program，MSIP)，1985年第一架MSIP型F-15C完成。MSIP包含了中央電腦，可程式武器控制組等的昇級，可使用較新型的AIM-7、AIM-9、和AIM-120A。還有擴充的戰術電戰系統，配備ALR-56C雷達警告接收器、ALQ-135反制裝置。最後43架還裝上了休斯APG-70雷達，其餘的F-15C也昇級為APG-63v1。


服役於以色列空軍的F-15A/B也參與了1982年的黎巴嫩戰爭。
F-15C/D和F-15E都參與了1991年在波斯灣發動的沙漠風暴行動，並獲得空軍39場空戰勝利中的36場。F-15E主要於夜間使用LANTIRN進行飛雲飛彈載具與砲陣地的獵殺任務。


接下來F-15仍持續支援南方守望行動，在伊拉克南部禁航區巡邏，以及土耳其的Provide Comfort行動，北約在波士尼亞的行動等。

克里斯Chris

擊殺紀錄
直到2000年，F-15在空戰中，總共締造了104架擊墜紀錄而未被擊落，然而在1995年日本的一次實彈空戰訓練中，一架F-15J因為AIM-9安全裝置失常而擊落另一架F-15J。

主要的擊墜紀錄都是由以色列空軍在1982年的黎巴嫩戰爭（或稱第五次中東戰爭，以色列稱之為加利利和平行動）中締造的，許多敘利亞的俄製MiG-21（報告中的數量從80到92架不等）和少量的MiG-25被擊落，其中一部份是F-15的戰績。

沙烏地皇家空軍（Royal Saudi Air Force）在1984年與伊朗的小規模衝突中擊落二架F-4，波斯灣戰爭中擊落二架伊拉克幻象F1。

在波斯灣戰爭中，美國空軍締造了大部份的擊墜紀錄，大多都是用飛彈，而被擊落的敵機大部份都是被追擊，而不是直接向美軍發動的正面交火。在這場戰爭中，F-15被用於對地攻擊的比重和空優任務相當。不過其中F-15E也遭到地面炮火的攻擊而損失兩架，另外2003年的美伊戰爭中也有一架可能是被地面炮火擊落。


一片機翼就夠了？
在1983年5月1日，以色列空軍的一次纏鬥訓練中，一架F-15D與一架A-4天鷹式攻擊機發生碰撞。F-15D的右翼幾乎整個撕裂，只剩最內側的2呎(0.6公尺)還在。飛行員沒有聽從教官要求彈射的命令，並且成功地將這架重創的飛機迫降到機場。事後調查認為能夠成功迫降是因為機尾巨大的水平面積，以及引擎進氣道與機身提供的額外昇力。兩個月後，這架飛機完成修復並回到任務行列。請參考[1]


未來
F-15C/D已計劃要由其後繼者F/A-22猛禽戰鬥機取代，F-15E的未來仍不明朗，但由於它相對來說比較新，又沒有充份有力的後繼者，預計仍會在空軍中保持一定的數量。