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X-45 Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV)

The objective of the joint DARPA/Air Force Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) program is to demonstrate the technical feasibility for a UCAV system to effectively and affordably prosecute 21st century lethal strike missions within the emerging global command and control architecture. The operational UCAV system is envisioned as a force enabler that will conduct Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD) and strike missions in support of post-2010 manned strike packages. This SEAD/Strike mission will be the first instantiation of an UCAV vision that will evolve into a broader range of combat missions as the concept and technologies mature, and the UCAV affordability potential is realized.

The Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle vision is an affordable weapon system that expands tactical mission options for revolutionary new air power as an integrated part of a system of systems solution. The UCAV weapon system will exploit the design and operational freedoms of relocating the pilot outside of the vehicle to enable a new paradigm in aircraft affordability while maintaining the rationale, judgment, and moral qualities of the human operator. In our vision, this weapon system will require minimal maintenance, can be stored for extended periods of time, and is capable of dynamic mission control while engaging multiple targets in a single mission under minimal human supervision. The UCAV will conduct missions from ordinary airfields as part of an integrated force package complementary to manned tactical and support assets. UCAV controllers will observe rules of engagement and make the critical decisions to use or refrain from using force.

The initial operational role for the UCAV is a "first day of the war" force enabler which complements a strike package by performing the SEAD mission. In this role, UCAVs accomplish preemptive destruction of sophisticated enemy integrated air defenses (IADs) in advance of the strike package, and enable the attacking forces by providing reactive suppression against the remaining IADs. Throughout the remainder of the campaign, UCAVs provide continuous vigilance with an immediate lethal strike capability to prosecute high value and time critical targets. By effectively and affordably performing those missions the UCAV system provides "no win" tactical deterrence against which an enemy's defenses would be ineffective, thereby ensuring air superiority.
 

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As a member of a tightly coupled system of systems, the UCAV will work cooperatively with manned systems and exploit the emerging command, control, communications, computer, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) architecture to enable successful achievement of campaign and mission level objectives. Intelligence preparation of the battlefield will provide an initial mission/threat database for mission controllers. Controllers will exploit real-time data sources from the theater information architecture to plan for, and respond to, the dynamically changing battlefield. The UCAV will penetrate enemy IADs and external systems such as the Miniature Air Launched Decoy (MALD) will stimulate potential targets. Sensor cueing and off-board targeting can be provided by national systems or airborne assets in real time and/or UCAVs may be part of multi-ship Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) targeting architectures. The system will create superior situation awareness by leveraging the many sources of information available at both the tactical and theater levels.

Such a UCAV weapon system has the potential to fully exploit the emerging information revolution and provide advanced airpower with increased tactical deterrence at a fraction of the total Life Cycle Costs (LCC) of current manned systems. The government envisions a UCAV Operational System (UOS) air vehicle with unit cost less then one-third of the Joint Strike Fighter, and reduction in total life cycle of 50-80% compared to a current tactical aircraft squadron.

A variety of cost and weight penalties are associated with the presence of a human pilot, including constrained forebodies, large canopies, displays and environmental control systems. The aircraft's maneuver capabilities are limited by the pilots physiological limits such as g tolerance. Removing the pilot from the vehicle eliminates man-rating requirements, pilot systems, and interfaces. The UCAV offers new design freedoms that can be exploited to produce a smaller, simpler aircraft, about half the size of a conventional fighter aircraft. Weighing about one-third to one-fourth of a manned aircraft, at 10,000 pounds they would weigh two to three times more than a Tomahawk missile.

Typically 80 percent of the useful life of today's combat aircraft is devoted to pilot training and proficiency flying, requiring longer design lives than would be needed to meet combat requirements. Without the requirement to fly sorties to retain pilot proficiency, UCAVs will fly infrequently. A reduced maintenance design with condition based maintenance, minimized on-board sensors, reduced fluid systems, maintainable signature, and a modular avionics architecture will reduce touch labor in the fashion of commercial aircraft.

Advances in small smart munitions will allow these smaller vehicles to attack multiple targets during a single mission and reduce the cost per target killed. The Miniaturized Munitions Technology Demonstration (MMTD) goal is to produce a 250-pound class munition effective against a majority of hardened targets previously vulnerable only to 2,000-pound class munitions. A differential GPS/INS system will provide precision guidance, and smart fusing techniques will aid in producing a high probability of target kill.

The DARPA/Air Force/Boeing X-45A technology demonstration aircraft completed its first flight on 22 May 2002. Multi-aircraft testing will begin in 2003 when a second X-45A becomes operational, leading to joint UCAV and manned exercises in FY 2006.
 

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(文章來自:無人作戰飛機)
 

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X-45

  X-45 是 DARPA 和美國空軍聯合提出的一項先期概念演示計劃,其主要任務是用來驗證無人作戰飛機(UCAV)的技術可行性,以更快、更高效的應付 21 世紀的全球突發性事件。X-45 無人作戰飛機具有低探測、維護方便、執行任務費效比高等諸多優點,預計首批 12 架 X-45 於 2008 年具備初始作戰能力。

  2002 年 5 月 22 日,第一架 X-45A 在愛德華茲空軍基地完成了首次試飛。飛行總共持續了 14 分鐘,X-45A 的其飛行速度達每小時 360 公里,飛行高度為 2,280 米。X-45A 的此次飛行不僅標誌著美國 UCAV 計劃取得了初步的成功,也讓波音公司在 JSF 項目失敗後獲得了一次鼓舞人心的勝利。X-45A 的無尾翼設計借鑒了於 1996 年首飛成功的 X-36 無人試驗機的設計,兩種機型的機翼外形十分相似,如機翼邊緣控制面和偏航向矢量排氣噴管等。不過兩者還是有很大區別的,如 X-45A 就要比 X-36 大許多,而且後者不具備自動駕駛能力。X-45A 動力為一台霍尼維爾 F124-GA-100 渦扇噴氣發動機,其進氣口置於飛機的上方。X-45A 機身內部有兩個武器彈艙,其中一個攜帶試驗設備,另一個則掛載一枚 450 千克中的 JDAM 炸彈或者 6 枚 113 千克炸彈。X-45A 的試驗將在 2004 年達到頂點,屆時將演示多機控制、協調飛行、無人機間的通信、途中改變任務、合作瞄準和武器投放。

  X-45B 沒有進入實質性的研製階段就被取消了,取而代之的是 X-45C。X-45C 型無人機的最大起飛重量為 16 噸,遠遠超過了 A 型機的 6.8 噸,機長也由 A 型的 8.08 米增加至 11 米,翼展則為 14.6 米。由於重量大幅增加,X-45B 採用了通用電氣公司強勁的 F404-102D 發動機。X-45B 也有 2 個內置武器艙,可攜帶兩枚 750 千克重的 JDAM 炸彈。根據研製計劃,X-45C 將在 2006 年首飛。




X-45A


第一次進行投擲制導炸彈試驗的 X-45A
 

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