『每日軍武』- B-2 幽靈(Spirit)匿蹤戰略轟炸機

克里斯Chris

B-2 Spirit
B-2 幽靈匿蹤戰略轟炸機



原文:

The B-2 Spirit is a multi-role bomber capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear munitions.

Along with the B-52 and B-1B, the B-2 provides the penetrating flexibility and effectiveness inherent in manned bombers. Its low-observable, or "stealth," characteristics give it the unique ability to penetrate an enemy's most sophisticated defenses and threaten its most valued, and heavily defended, targets. Its capability to penetrate air defenses and threaten effective retaliation provide an effective deterrent and combat force well into the 21st century.

The blending of low-observable technologies with high aerodynamic efficiency and large payload gives the B-2 important advantages over existing bombers. Its low-observability provides it greater freedom of action at high altitudes, thus increasing its range and a better field of view for the aircraft's sensors. Its unrefueled range is approximately 6,000 nautical miles (9,600 kilometers).

The B-2's low observability is derived from a combination of reduced infrared, acoustic, electromagnetic, visual and radar signatures. These signatures make it difficult for the sophisticated defensive systems to detect, track and engage the B-2. Many aspects of the low-observability process remain classified; however, the B-2's composite materials, special coatings and flying-wing design all contribute to its "stealthiness."

The B-2 has a crew of two pilots, an aircraft commander in the left seat and mission commander in the right, compared to the B-1B's crew of four and the B-52's crew of five. The B-2 is intended to deliver gravity nuclear and conventional weapons, including precision-guided standoff weapons. An interim, precision-guided bomb capability called Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Targeting System/GPS Aided Munition (GATS/GAM) is being tested and evaluated. Future configurations are planned for the B-2 to be capable of carrying and delivering the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile. B-2s, in a conventional role, staging from Whiteman AFB, MO; Diego Garcia; and Guam can cover the entire world with just one refueling. Six B-2s could execute an operation similar to the 1986 Libya raid but launch from the continental U.S. rather than Europe with a much smaller, more lethal, and more survivable force.







[ 本文最後由 jacklf2004 於 07-10-7 02:13 PM 編輯 ]

克里斯Chris

Signature Improvements - The B-2 signature meets operational requirements against today threats. As advanced threats proliferate, it will be prudent to investigate advanced signature reduction concepts and determine if it is necessary to improve the B-2 low observable signature. CANDIDATE LONG TERM UPGRADES B

EYOND FY 15 TOTAL

The basis for the useful life of the B-2 includes data from initial Developmental Test and Evaluation analysis. Data indicates the aircraft should be structurally sound to approximately 40,000 flight hours using current mission profiles. Analysis further suggests that the rudder attachment points are the first structural failure item.

The B-2 has not implemented an ASIP similar to the other bombers, and this makes it difficult to predict the economic service life and attrition rate. However, a notional projection, based on the B-52, predicts one aircraft will be lost each 10 years. This attrition rate, plus attrition due to service life, will erode the B-2 force below its requirement of 19 aircraft by 2027. Tactical delivery tactics use patterns and techniques that minimize final flight path predictability, yet allows sufficient time for accurate weapons delivery. For conventional munitions.

Bomb Rack Assembly (BRA)

weapons delivery accuracies depend on delivery altitude. For a weapons pass made at 5,000 ft above ground level [AGL] or below, the hit criteria is less than or equal to 300 feet. For a weapons pass made above 5,000 feetAGL, the hit criteria is less than or equal to 500 feet. Similarly,

Rotary Launcher Assembly (RLA)

delivery of conventional or nuclear weapons (i.e. Mk-84, B-83, B-61) is altitude dependent. For a weapons pass made at 5,000 feet AGL or below, the hit criteria is less than or equal to 300 feet. For a weapons pass made above 5,000 ft AGL, the hit criteria is less than or equal to 500 feet. The hit criteria for a weapons pass made with GAM/ JDAM munitions is less than or equal to 50 feet.

[ 本文最後由 jacklf2004 於 07-10-7 02:14 PM 編輯 ]

克里斯Chris

[ 本文最後由 jacklf2004 於 07-10-7 02:13 PM 編輯 ]

克里斯Chris

武器介紹：

B-2 幽靈匿蹤戰略轟炸機


B-2是美國諾斯羅普公司研製的戰略突防隱身轟炸機，主要任務是利用其優異的隱身性能，從高空或低空突破敵防空系統，對戰略目標實施核打擊或常規轟炸。

該機於1978年作為高空突防轟炸機進行研製的，1981年10月，開始全尺寸發展。1983年進行改進後增加了低空突防能力。首架原型機於1988年11月出廠，1989年7月17日開始試飛。

該機在研製過程中使用了計算機輔助設計和輔助製造功能等技術，實現了“無紙”化設計，並進行了大量的倣真和試驗。1988年1月美國空軍開始了B-2的小批量生產。空軍原計劃購買132架實戰型B-2A飛機，1990年4月被削減到75架，1992年1月又進一步減少到20架（其中5架由設計過程中製造的原型機改裝而成），1996年又決定將另外1架原型機改裝成戰鬥型。1993年12月17日首架戰鬥型B-2A交付美國空軍，1994年2月該機被命名為“幽靈”（Spirit）。

1997年4月，B-2A形成初始作戰能力，1997年11月21架飛機全部交付完畢。該機發展項目的總費用為448億美元，其中246億美元用於研製，202億美元用於採購，出廠單價為13億美元。

二、B-2的性能特點

B-2A轟炸機將各種尖端技術融為一體，特別是採用了隱身設計，是繼F-117飛機之後的第二種全隱身飛機，其雷達反射截面積僅為B-52飛機的1/1000。

該機採用無尾三角形飛翼佈局，機身與機翼融合在一起。機體結構主要由先進複合材料製造，並採用了可吸收雷達波的蜂窩結構和能散射雷達波的鋸齒狀結構，機體表面還涂有雷達吸波材料。

動力裝置採用四台通用電氣公司的F118-GE-110無加力式渦扇發動機，單臺最大推力84.5千牛，帶有尾跡管理系統，可調節尾氣溫度。機身中部的背上有空中加油受油口。最初使用JP-4燃油，1996年3月改用JP-8燃油。

三、B-2的基本戰術技術性能

B-2機組包括任務指揮員和飛行員各一人。

該機機載設備包括休斯公司的AN/APQ-181低可截獲性J波段隱蔽式攻擊雷達（具有地形匹配和回避等21種使用模態）、GPS輔助瞄準系統、超低頻/低頻接收機、ICS-150X內部通信系統、軍用衛星通信系統、TCN-250塔康、VIR-130A儀錶著陸系統、AN/APR-50雷達告警接收機，以及ZSR-63防禦輔助設備等。此外，座艙內還有一個三位置選擇開關，分別對應於起飛、作戰、著陸三種狀態，用於自動啟動/關閉相關設備，減輕飛行員的工作負擔。

機載武器包括：兩個並列武器艙可安裝波音公司的旋轉導彈發射架，總共可帶16枚AGM-129先進巡航導彈。其他武器有：16枚B61戰術/戰略或B83戰略核炸彈、80枚Mk82炸彈、8枚GBU-28鐳射制導侵徹炸彈、16枚航空炸彈、16枚“聯合直接攻擊彈藥”、16枚Mk84炸彈、36枚M117燃燒彈、36枚CBU-87/89/97/98集束炸彈、80顆Mk36或Mk-62水雷等。將來還計劃增加攜帶“聯合遠程空對地導彈（JASSM）”和“聯合遠程發射武器（JSOW）”的能力。

該機長 20.09米，高5.10米，翼展 52.12米，後掠角33度，投影面積490平方米，主輪距 12.20米。空重69717千克，有效載荷18144千克，最大內部載油量81650~90720千克，典型起飛重量152635千克。

該機進場速度為259千米/小時，實用升限為15152米。當攜帶8枚AGM-129和8顆B83炸彈時，若採用“高-高-高”飛行方式，則作戰航程為11667千米，若採用“高-低-高”飛行方式則作戰航程為8149千米。當攜帶8枚AGM-129和8顆B61炸彈時，若採用“高-高-高”飛行方式，則作戰航程為12223千米，若採用“高-低-高”飛行方式則作戰航程為8334千米。經過一次加油後的航程大於18520千米，續航時間大於36小時。

轟炸機既是美國空軍裝備的重要組成部分，又是美軍“三位一體”戰略核力量的重要分支。在執行戰略轟炸任務時，轟炸機可在毫無徵兆地前提下起飛，具有較強的生存和反應能力。能攜帶多種核武器，並可在攻擊前緊急召回，具有較好的攻擊靈活性。在執行常規轟炸任務時，轟炸機的主要任務大致包括三種，即對敵方機場、雷達站和指揮通信系統、運輸與發電設施、經濟命脈等高價值目標實施戰略空襲，協助地面部隊作戰實施空中遮斷，以及與海軍共同實施反艦攻擊和布設水雷等。

[ 本文最後由 jacklf2004 於 07-10-7 02:15 PM 編輯 ]