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發表於 06-12-22 22:18:34 |顯示全部樓層 大字 中字 小字 正體化 简体化
B-52 Stratofortress
B-52"同溫層堡壘"戰略轟炸機



原文:

The B-52H BUFF [Big Ugly Fat Fellow] is the primary nuclear roled bomber in the USAF inventory. It provides the only Air Launch Cruise Missile carriage in the USAF. The B-52H also provides theater CINCs with a long range strike capability. The bomber is capable of flying at high subsonic speeds at altitudes up to 50,000 feet (15,166.6 meters). It can carry nuclear or conventional ordnance with worldwide precision navigation capability.

The aircraft's flexibility was evident during the Vietnam War and, again, in Operation Desert Storm. B-52s struck wide-area troop concentrations, fixed installations and bunkers, and decimated the morale of Iraq's Republican Guard. The Gulf War involved the longest strike mission in the history of aerial warfare when B-52s took off from Barksdale Air Force Base, La., launched conventional air launched cruise missiles and returned to Barksdale -- a 35-hour, non-stop combat mission.

A total of 744 B-52s were built with the last, a B-52H, delivered in October 1962. Only the H model is still in the Air Force inventory and all are assigned to Air Combat Command. The first of 102 B-52H's was delivered to Strategic Air Command in May 1961. The H model can carry up to 20 air launched cruise missiles. In addition, it can carry the conventional cruise missile which was launched from B-52G models during Desert Storm.
Barksdale AFB, LA and Minot AFB, ND serves as B-52 Main Operating Bases (MOB). Training missions are flown from both MOBs. Barksdale AFB and Minot AFB normally supports 57 and 36 aircraft respectively on-station.

FeaturesIn a conventional conflict, the B-52H can perform air interdiction, offensive counter-air and maritime operations. During Desert Storm, B-52s delivered 40 percent of all the weapons dropped by coalition forces. It is highly effective when used for ocean surveillance, and can assist the U.S. Navy in anti-ship and mine-laying operations. Two B-52s, in two hours, can monitor 140,000 square miles (364,000 square kilometers) of ocean surface.

Starting in 1989, an on-going modification incorporates the global positioning system, heavy stores adaptor beams for carrying 2,000 pound munitions and additional smart weapons capability. All aircraft are being modified to carry the AGM-142 Raptor missile and AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile.

The B-52H was designed for nuclear standoff, but it now has the conventional warfare mission role with the retirement of the B-52G’s. The B-52 can carry different kinds of external pylons under its wings.The AGM-28 pylon can carry lighter weapons like the MK-82 and can carry 12 weapons on each pylon, for a total of 24 external weapons. With the carriage of 27 internal weapons, the total is 51. Heavy Stores Adaptor Beam [HSAB] external pylon can carry heavier weapons rated up to 2000 lbs. However, each HSAB can carry only 9 weapons which decreases the total carry to 45 (18 external).

A third type pylon is used for carrying ALCMs/CALCMs/ACMs.So the B-52 can carry a maximum of either 51 or 45 munitions, depending on which pylon is mounted under the wings. However, the AGM-28 pylon is no longer used, so the B-52 currently carries on HSABs, limiting the external load to 18 bombs, or a total of 45 bombs.

The use of aerial refueling gives the B-52 a range limited only by crew endurance. It has an unrefueled combat range in excess of 8,800 miles (14,080 kilometers).

All B-52s are equipped with an electro-optical viewing system that uses platinum silicide forward-looking infrared and high resolution low-light-level television sensors to augment the targeting, battle assessment, flight safety and terrain-avoidance system, thus further improving its combat ability and low-level flight capability.

Pilots wear night vision goggles (NVGs) to enhance their night visual, low-level terrain-following operations. Night vision goggles provide greater safety during night operations by increasing the pilot's ability to visually clear terrain and avoid enemy radar.

Current B-52H crew size is five. Pilot and co-pilot are side by side on the upper flight deck, along with the electronic warfare officer (EWO), seated behind the pilot facing aft.





Side by side on the lower flight deck are the radar navigator, responsible for weapons delivery, and the navigator, responsible for guiding the aircraft from point A to point B. Because the H model was not originally designated for conventional ordnance delivery, weapons delivery was assigned to the radar navigator and the "bombardier/navigator" crew station designation of the earlier B-52 series was not used.)

The controls and displays for aircraft systems are distributed among the crew stations on the basis of responsibilities. The Air Force’s objective is to employ the latest navigation and communication technology to reduce the crew size to four people, by combining the radar navigator and navigator functions into one position.

[ 本文最後由 jacklf2004 於 07-11-10 10:15 PM 編輯 ]
 

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Current Upgrade ActivitiesThe current service life of the aircraft extends to 2040.
The B-52 is a typical representation of the misnomer of "legacy" system. While the B-52 exceeds 30 years of age, new modifications and mission capabilities are constantly updating the system. The following is a list of current B-52 modification programs:
    Global Positioning System (GPS) TACAN Replacement System (TRS) Integrated Conventional Stores Management System (ICSMS) ARC-210/DAMA Secure Voice AGM-142 HAVENAP Missile Integration High Reliability Maintenance-Free Battery Electronic Counter-Measures Improvement (ECMI) Off-Aircraft Pylon Tester (OAPT) Air Force Mission Support System (AFMSS) Electro Viewing System - EVS 3-in-1 (EVS, STV, FLIR) Advanced Weapons Integration Program (JDAM, WCMD, JSOW, JASSM) Night Vision Imaging System Cockpit Compatible Lighting Night Vision Imaging System Compatible Ejection Seat Mod Standard Flight Loads Data Recorder (SFLDR) Avionics Midlife Improvement (AMI) (ACU, DTUC, and INS Replacement) ALR-20 System Replacement Fuel Temperature Monitoring System Panoramic Night Vision Goggles Advanced Infrared Expendables Advanced real Time Engine Health Monitoring System Closed Loop Sensor-To Shoot Data Collection/Trans Precision Targeting Radar TF-33 Engine Replacement Lethal Self Protection B-52 Cockpit Modernization KY-58 VINSON Secure Voice AVTR Additional Cabin Pressure Altimeter Enhanced Bomber Mission Management System Chaff and Flare Dispenser Upgrade
  • Non 1760 Pylon Upgrade
 

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[ 本文最後由 jacklf2004 於 07-10-7 01:16 PM 編輯 ]
 

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武器介紹 :

B-52"同溫層堡壘"戰略轟炸機  


  B─52是美國波音飛機公司為美國空軍研製的亞音速遠程戰略轟炸機。


  1948年提出設計方案﹐1952年第一架原型機首飛﹐1955年批生產型開始交付使用﹐先後發展了B─52A﹑B﹑C﹑D﹑E﹑F﹑G﹑H等8種型別﹐1962年停止生產﹐總共生產了744架飛機。90年代是B─52轟炸機使用的鼎盛時期﹐有600多架B─52各型飛機在美國戰略空軍服役﹐以後大多數早期型別先後退役。現在有95架B─52H型仍在服役﹐與97架B─1B和20架B─2一起共同組成美國空軍的戰略轟炸機機隊。B─52H是最後一種改進型﹐估計平均機齡也已達35年左右。轟炸機的正常壽命一般是30年﹐因此B─52已算是超期服役。

B-52轟炸機是美國空軍的洲際航程重型轟炸機,空中加油後可進行環球不著陸飛行。最大時速1010公里,總載彈量可達270噸。

該機可攜帶20枚AGM-69近距攻擊導彈(SRAM),該彈戰鬥部核裝藥為17萬噸TNT當量。經改裝的G/H型還可攜帶20多枚AGM-86B空中發射巡航導彈(ALCM)這種導彈戰鬥部核裝藥為20萬噸TNT當量。B-52G型機還可攜帶AGM-84A「魚叉」反艦導彈,戰鬥部為穿甲爆破型。

海灣戰爭第一天,美軍從位於印度洋的迪戈加西亞島空軍基地出動20餘架B-52轟炸機,使用AGM-142常規裝藥的巡航導彈對伊軍重要目標進行打擊。在「沙漠軍刀」行動中,又對被困在幼發拉底河畔的伊拉克共和國衛隊進行了「地毯式」轟炸,使伊軍遭到重創。

作為B-47的後繼者、美軍第一種真正的洲際戰略轟炸機,B-52沿襲了B-47成功的氣動外形。B-52採用大展弦比後掠上單翼、低平尾、單垂尾、翼下成對吊裝8台噴氣發動機的佈局形式。這一佈局非常成功,是大型噴氣飛機的經典佈局,後來多數大型噴氣機都沿用了這一佈局。波音也憑借這一佈局,推出了波音707客機,取得了民航噴氣機的領先地位。

B-52採用細長的全金屬半硬殼式機身結構,側面平滑,截面呈圓角矩形。前段為氣密乘員艙,中段上部為油箱,下部為炸彈艙。後段逐步變細,尾部是炮塔,其上方是增壓的射擊員艙(在G、H型上取消)。射擊員艙與前機身乘員艙有一條通道。機身撓性很大,因此停機時機身兩端分別下垂大約25毫米,同時蒙皮出現斜向皺紋,升空後方消失。


美軍戲稱它Buff,就是Big Ugly Fat Fellow,這個名字很形象,B-52大而笨重,長達53米;速度慢,只能接近音速飛行;機動性差;但載彈量大、航程遠。B-52裝四組八台渦輪噴氣發動機,兩個外掛點,和兩個副油箱外掛點。機頭下的兩個突起物是紅外夜視儀器,用於夜間或惡劣氣候條件下低空突防和確定目標。

B-52尾部原本裝有一座後射機槍塔,內部裝四挺12.7mm重機槍,以對後方來襲的敵機進行反擊。後來隨著戰鬥機火力、射程的不斷加大,六挺機槍相應的改成了一門20mm口徑的M61A1機關炮。近十幾年美軍的B-52只保留了G、H兩個型號,最近只裁減到剩94架H型。在這兩種型號上,機關炮也被取消了,改成了電子對抗裝置。由於擁有當時較先進的自衛手段,加上機體巨大,B-52在當時有著較好的生存力。1964年1月,一架B-52H還曾在飛掉了垂尾的情況下,安全降落到地面,機組無一傷亡。上述B-52H分佈在美國三個本土基地,包括Barksdale基地和Louisiana空軍基地的三個中隊、南達科他基地Minot空軍基地的兩個中隊。另外B-52還常被部署到印度洋、日本、歐洲的駐外基地。下兩圖,顯示了老式B-52的四聯12.7mm機槍,以及B-52H型的M61A1尾炮。


[ 本文最後由 jacklf2004 於 07-10-7 01:19 PM 編輯 ]
 

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我想這一型轟炸機會成為世界空軍的傳奇,如果是一個家庭從祖父、父親、孫都是美國空軍轟炸機飛行員,那應該都飛過這型飛機吧!
 

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